03474nas a2200205   4500008004100000245011400041210006900155260017700224300001400401490000700415520263600422653001903058653001303077653002303090653001203113653001303125100001603138700001703154856009703171       2001                        eng d00aEssential oils enhanced by ultra-high carbon dioxide levels from Lamiaceae species grown in vitro and in vivo0 aEssential oils enhanced by ultrahigh carbon dioxide levels from   aAffiliation: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Natl. Ctr. Agric. Utiliz. Res., 1815 N. University St., Peoria, IL 61604, United Statesc2001///  a361 - 3680 v203 aThe growth (fresh weight), morphogenesis (leaves, roots and shoots) and essential oil composition of mint (Mentha sp. L.) and thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) plants were determined after 8 weeks under 350, 1,500, 3,000, 10,000 and 30,000 μmol mol-1 CO2. Plants were grown in vitro on basal medium (BM) consisting of Murashige and Skoog salts and 0.8% agar that contained either 0 or 3% sucrose under a 16-h (day)/8-h (night) photoperiod at a light intensity of 180 μmol s-1 m-2 or in soil in a greenhouse under conditions of natural sunlight. Ultra-high CO2 levels (i.e. ≥3,000 μmol mol-1 CO2) substantially increased fresh weights, leaves, shoots and roots for all plants compared to plants grown under ambient air (350 μmol mol-1 CO2) both in vivo and in vitro. For both species, 10,000 μmol mol-1 CO2 was the optimum concentration to obtain the largest growth and morphogenesis responses under in vitro conditions, while the 3,000- to 10,000-μmol mol-1 CO2 range provided the largest yields for soil-grown plants. Essential oil composition (i.e. monoterpenes, piperitonone oxide and limonene from mint and aromatic phenol and thymol from thyme) from the shoot portion of plants grown at all CO2 levels was analyzed in CH2Cl2 extracts via gas chromatography. Higher levels of secondary compounds occurred in vitro when cultures were grown under ultra-high CO2 levels than in ambient air. The concentration of thymol, a major secondary compound in thyme plants grown on BM containing sucrose, was 317-fold higher at 10,000 μmol mol-1 CO2 than in plants grown under ambient air conditions with the same BM. The levels of secondary compound in in-vitro-grown plantlets exposed to ultra-high CO2 concentrations exceeded those occurring in plants grown in the greenhouse under the same CO2 levels. Substantially higher levels of secondary compound occurred in plants under ultra-high CO2 levels on BM containing sucrose than on BM lacking sucrose or in soil. Thymol levels in thyme plants grown on BM containing sucrose were 3.9-fold higher at 10,000 μmol mol-1 CO2 than in shoots grown on BM without sucrose under the same CO2 levels. High positive correlations occurred between thymol concentrations and CO2 levels, fresh weights, shoots, roots and leaves when thyme shoots were grown on BM with sucrose. High positive correlations for thyme shoots grown on BM without sucrose only occurred between thymol concentrations and CO2 levels, fresh weights, shoots and leaves. No positive correlations between thymol concentrations and CO2 levels or any growth or morphogenesis responses occurred for thyme shoots when grown in soil.10aCO2 enrichment10alimonene10aPiperitenone oxide10aRooting10aShooting1 aTisserat, B1 aVaughn, S, F  uhttp://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0034931446&partnerID=40&rel=R6.5.004019nas a2200709   4500008004100000245011900041210006900160260026900229300001600498490000600514520192900520653001902449653001802468653001202486653001702498653001602515653001302531653001202544653001402556653001802570653002402588653001402612653001202626653001402638653001402652653001802666653001302684653002002697653001302717653001702730653001202747653002102759653001302780653001202793653001502805653001302820653001302833653002002846653001202866653000902878653001602887653001102903653001802914653001902932653001402951653001402965653001402979653001002993653001403003653001103017653001103028653002203039653001703061653002003078653002203098653001303120100001503133700001503148700001503163700001403178856011703192       2010                        eng d00aEssential oil polymorphism of wild growing Hungarian thyme (Thymus pannonicus) populations in the Carpathian Basin0 aEssential oil polymorphism of wild growing Hungarian thyme Thymu  aAffiliation: Department of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Corvinus University of Budapest, Villányi út 29, 1118 Budapest, Hungary; Correspondence Address: Pluhár, Z.; Department of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Corvinus University of Budapest, Villánc2010///  a1681 - 16860 v53 aThe volatile oil compositions of Thymus pannonicus All. from nineteen different localities of Hungary were analyzed by GC/MS. The essential oil content of the Hungarian thyme samples varied between very low (0.14 mL/100 g DW) and fairly high (1.9 mL/100 g DW) values. Significant essential oil polymorphism was found: altogether twelve chemovarieties may have been determined, representing a way of adaptation to different habitat conditions. The main volatile compound of chemotype 1 was thymol (24.6-67.5%), while in the case of chemotype 2, thymol (36.5-63.7%) and p-cymene (11.5-27.3%) predominated. Thymol (28.4-63.7%), p-cymene (11.5-31.8%) and γ-terpinene (9.7-20.9%) were identified as the chief monoterpenes of chemotype 3, while chemotype 4 contained thymol (36.5%), p-cymene (27.3%) and neral (11.2%). Chemotype 5 accumulated thymol (38.5%), p-cymene (20.6%), γ-terpinene (12.0%) and β-bisabolene (10.3%) as its main volatiles. The oil of chemotype 6 can be characterized by thymol (41.9%), p-cymene (20.2%), isoborneol (10.3%) and ã-terpinene (9.9%), while that of chemotype 7 consisted of thymol (27.7%), linalyl acetate (18.8%), γ-terpinene (18.6%) and α-cubebene (13.9%). In the oil of chemotype 8, p-cymene (45.0%), geraniol (13.6%) and linalyl acetate (9.9%) were found in higher percentages, while chemotype 9 mainly produced linalyl acetate (36.2%) and geranyl acetate (20.2%). Chemotype 10 accumulated germacrene-D (43.4) and β-caryophyllene (15.0%), while the oil of chemotype 11 contained caryophyllene oxide (45.2%), α-cubebene (15.7%) and linalool (13.8%) in high proportions. Germacrene-D (29.7%), β-caryophyllene (22.0%) and farnesol (10.4%) were identified as main essential oil compounds of chemotype 12. The last nine chemotypes were new for the literature, while the first seven contained thymol as their chief compound. The role of certain sesquiterpenes was found to be considerable.10aalpha cubebene10aalpha thujene10aarticle10abeta elemene10abeta pinene10acamphene10aCamphor10aCarvacrol10acaryophyllene10acaryophyllene oxide10aChemotype10acineole10aDiversity10aEcosystem10aEssential oil10afarnesol10agamma muurolene10aGeraniol10aGermacrene D10ahabitat10aherbaceous agent10ahumulene10aHungary10aisoborneol10alimonene10aLinalool10alinalyl acetate10aocimene10aOils10apara cymene10apinene10asesquiterpene10aSesquiterpenes10aT cadinol10aterpinene10aterpineol10aThyme10athyme oil10aThymol10aThymus10aThymus pannonicus10aThymus Plant10aThymus vulgaris10aunclassified drug10aVolatile1 aPluhár, Z1 aSárosi, S1 aPintér, A1 aSimkó, H  uhttp://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-77957924069&partnerID=40&md5=6024b3154737d662a6c54cc3d16c1532