01934nas a2200253   4500008004100000245009800041210006900139260018700208300001200395490000600407520100400413653002501417653001601442653001201458653001501470653001201485653001301497653001401510653001001524653001901534100001601553700001401569856009701583       2000                        eng d00aUltra-high carbon dioxide levels enhances in vitro shoot growth and morphogenesis in labiatae0 aUltrahigh carbon dioxide levels enhances in vitro shoot growth a  aAffiliation: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Natl. Ctr. for Agricul. Util. Res., 1815 North University Street, Peoria, IL 61604, United Statesc2000///  a43 - 550 v73 aThe growth and morphogenetic development in shoot cultures of lemon basil (Ocimum basilicum), oregano (Origanum vulgare), peppermint (Mentha x piperita), spearmint (Mentha spicata), and thyme (Thymus vulgaris) shoots on MS salts and 0.8 percent agar containing 0 or 3 percent sucrose were determined under 350, 1,500, 3,000, 10,000, and 30,000 μl CO2/liter of air were determined after 8 weeks growth. High CO2 levels, especially the ultra-high levels (≥ 3,000 μl CO2/liter of air), substantially increased fresh weight and leaf and root numbers in all cultures, whether or not the basal media contained sucrose, as compared with cultures grown on the same basal media under ambient air (350 μl CO2/liter of air). Ultra-high CO2 levels, also, enhanced the formation of aerial adventitious roots from the shoots of all species tested. A photosynthetic photon flux density of 180 μmole. m-2 s-1 using a 16 h light/8 h dark photoperiod consistently provided better growth than lower light levels.10aAdventitious rooting10aLemon basil10aOregano10aPeppermint10aRooting10aShooting10aSpearmint10aThyme10aTissue culture1 aTisserat, B1 aSilman, R  uhttp://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0033646334&partnerID=40&rel=R6.5.002657nas a2200217   4500008004100000245014400041210006900185260027100254300001400525490000700539520167200546653001902218653001402237653001502251653001102266653001802277100001602295700001702311700001402328856009702342       2002                        eng d00aInfluence of modified oxygen and carbon dioxide atmospheres on mint and thyme plant growth, morphogenesis and secondary metabolism in vitro0 aInfluence of modified oxygen and carbon dioxide atmospheres on m  aAffiliation: U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Fermentation Biotechnology Research Unit, 1815 N University St., Peoria, IL 61604, United States; Affiliation: U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Cenc2002/03//  a912 - 9160 v203 aGrowth (fresh weight) and morphogenesis (production of leaves, roots and shoots) of mint (Mentha sp. L.) and thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) shoots were determined under atmospheres of 5%, 10%, 21%, 32%, or 43% O2 with either 350 or 10,000 μmol mol-1 CO2. Plants were grown in vitro on Murashige and Skoog salts, 3% sucrose and 0.8% agar under a 16/8-h (day/night) photoperiod with a light intensity of 180 μmol s-1 m-2. Growth and morphogenesis responses varied considerably for the two plant species tested depending on the level of O2 administered. Growth was considerably enhanced for both species under all O2 levels tested when 10,000 μmol mol-1 CO2 was added as compared to growth responses obtained at the same O2 levels tested with 350 μmol mol-1 CO2. Mint shoots exhibited high growth and morphogenesis responses for all O2 levels tested with 10,000 μmol mol-1 CO2. In contrast, thyme shoots exhibited enhanced growth and morphogenesis when cultured in ≥21% O2 with 10,000 μmol mol-1 CO2 included compared to shoots cultured under lower O2 levels. Essential oil compositions (i.e. monoterpene, piperitenone oxide from mint and aromatic phenol, thymol from thyme) were analyzed from CH2Cl2 extracts via gas chromatography from the shoot portion of plants grown at all O2 levels. The highest levels of thymol were produced from thyme shoots cultured under 10% and 21% O2 with 10,000 μmol mol-1 CO2 and levels were considerably lower in shoots grown under either lower or higher O2 levels. Higher levels of piperitenone oxide were obtained from mint cultures grown under ≥21% O2 with 10,000 μmol mol-1 CO2 compared to that obtained with lower O2 levels.10aCO2 enrichment10aLamiaceae10aMentha sp.10aThymol10aThymus sativa1 aTisserat, B1 aVaughn, S, F1 aSilman, R  uhttp://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0036218904&partnerID=40&rel=R6.5.0