@article {1991,
	title = {The effect of thyme extract on beta(2)-receptors and mucociliary clearance},
	journal = {Planta Medica},
	volume = {73},
	year = {2007},
	note = {PT: J},
	month = {2007/06//},
	pages = {629 - 635},
	abstract = {Thyme is a broncholytic und secretomotoric agent. Thus, our aim was to investigate the influence of a thyme extract on beta(2)-receptors in competition binding experiments and relaxation experiments on rat uteri and trachea. Furthermore, the influence of the extract on respiratory clearance was of interest. Binding experiments were performed using purified rat lung membranes with the beta(2)-receptor ligand [I-125]-Cyp {[I-125]-(+/-)-lodocyanopindolol}. The transport of the fluorescence dye rhodamin 123 concerning ciliary action in the tracheal area of a mouse was investigated using a microdialysis technique. The thyme extract reduces only slightly [I-125]-CYP binding and amplifies the displacement of [I-125]-CYP by propranolol (non-specific P-receptor antagonist): the displacement curve in the concentration range representing beta(2)-receptors (nM) is shifted to the left. Thyme extract had relaxing effects on organs possessing beta(2)-receptors (uterus and trachea). The propranolol-induced antagonism to isoprenaline is reverted concentration-dependently by the extract. A duplication of the rate of ciliary clearance by the extract was ob-served. In conclusion: 1) There is evidence for an influence of a thyme extract on beta(2)-receptors by both binding studies and biological effects: As can be derived from the shift of the propranotol displacement curve (nM), ingredients of the thyme extract slightly interact with beta(2)-receptors in rat lung tissue. This effect is indirect since no full range competition curve was reached. 2) An at least indirect interaction with beta(2)-receptors in rat uteri and trachea is revealed by a decreased antagonism of propranolol on the relaxing effect of isoprenaline by the plant extract. 3) An additional mechanism is presumed because at high extract concentrations isoprenaline-induced relaxation is complete, whereas the displacement of propranolol at beta(2)-receptors is only weak. 4) Thyme extract has an indirect (modulatory) effect on the beta(2)-receptor system. 5) Mucociliary clearance is improved in vivo. Its mechanism has still to be elucidated.},
	author = {Wienkotter, N and Begrow, F and Kinzinger, U and Schierstedt, D and Verspohl, E J}
}
@article {1975,
	title = {Ongoing adaptation to mediterranean climate extremes in a chemically polymorphic plant},
	journal = {Ecological Monographs},
	volume = {77},
	year = {2007},
	note = {PT: J},
	month = {2007/08//},
	pages = {421 - 439},
	abstract = {Although extreme climatic events may have profound effects on ecological systems. there is a marked lack of information on adaptation to such events. In this study, we employed reciprocal transplantation on both a geographic scale (experimental sites 200 kin apart in different parts of the range of the study species) and a local landscape scale (reciprocal Populations separated by 2-8 km) to study the performance of different chemical forms of Thymus vulgaris which naturally occur in different climatic environments. Survival and growth were analyzed in relation to long-term and contemporary climate data in natural Populations and our experimental sites. The reciprocal transplants involved a period of six years for clones transplanted in experimental field sites on a geographic scale and three years for seedlings transplanted among natural populations at the local landscape level. Cloned transplants on a geographic scale produced evidence for local adaptation to either summer drought, primarily following the extreme summer drought of 2003, or severe early-winter freezing. Chemotypes that show high survival after intense summer drought showed poor survival after intense early-winter freezing and vice versa, results which directly accord with climate data for their original sites. On the local landscape scale, we found further evidence for local adaptation to summer drought but not to winter freezing (probably due to the absence of extreme freezing during the three years of this study). Future modifications to the occurrence and frequency of extreme climate events may have a profound influence on the spatial distribution of thyme chemotypes.},
	author = {Thompson, J D and Gauthier, P and Amiot, J and Ehlers, B K and Collin, C and Fossat, J and Barrios, V and Arnaud-Miramont, F and Keefover-Ring, K and Linhart, Y B}
}
@article {1915,
	title = {Study of polyphenols from the species Thymus pulegioides L. (Lamiaceae)},
	journal = {Farmacia / 55, Part},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2007},
	note = {Additional Info: Centrul de Documentare Medicala, Issue Id: Part 3 Alt Journal: Uniform Title: Farmacia (Bucharest, Romania) Key Title: Farmacia (Bucuresti); BL Shelfmark: 3886.000000},
	month = {2007///},
	pages = {297 - 302},
	author = {Pavel, M and Vlase, L}
}
@article {1900,
	title = {Effects of essential oils and extracts from certain Thymus species on swimming performance in mice},
	journal = {Pharmaceutical Biology},
	volume = {45},
	year = {2007},
	note = {PT: J},
	month = {2007///},
	pages = {464 - 467},
	abstract = {The effect of the methanol extracts and essential oils from the aerial parts of Thymus fallax Fisch. \& C. A. Mey. (Lamiaceae), T. kotschyanus Boiss. et Hohen., and T. pubescens Boiss. et Kotschy ex Celak on mouse swimming performance were studied using different doses. On the basis of our findings, the methanol extracts and oils shortened remarkably the immobility period during the forced swimming test in comparison with negative control and exhibited a dose-dependent antidepressant activity. The duration of immobility observed via the essential oils was less than that via the extracts in these experiments. The results of tests showed that the extracts and oils of T. fallax had more antidepressant activity than T. kotschyanus and T. pubescens.},
	author = {Morteza-Semnani, K and Mahmoudi, M and Riahi, G}
}
@article {1886,
	title = {VERSO UNA REVISIONE BIOSISTEMATICA DEL GENERE THYMUS L . NOMENCLATURALI , SISTEMATICHE E CRITICIT{\`A} TASSONOMICA .},
	year = {2007},
	month = {2007///},
	pages = {135 - 148},
	author = {Martinov, L}
}
@article {1885,
	title = {Thymus piperella (L.) essential oil: An alternative in the treatment of diarrhoea},
	journal = {Flavour and Fragrance Journal},
	volume = {22},
	year = {2007},
	month = {2007///},
	pages = {201 - 205},
	address = {Affiliation: Department of Physiology, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Cardenal Herrera University, Av. Seminario s/n, 46113 Moncada, Valencia, Spain; Affiliation: Department of Sanitation Attention, Public and Animal Health, Cardenal Herrera University, Av.},
	abstract = {Thymus piperella (L.) (family Labiatae) is an endemic taxon found in eastern Spain. The aerial part of T. piperella is principally used for culinary purposes, to flavour stuffings, sauces, pickles, stews, soups, etc. Moreover, it has traditionally been used to conserve and soften olives, and in the distillation of an alcoholic beverage named {\textquoteright}herbero{\textquoteright}, which is typical in the south of Valencia and north of Alicante, and whose digestive properties are well documented. Despite it being a popular plant in this region, to date T. piperella (L.) has not been pharmacologically described. Pharmacological assays have been carried out on the essential oil of Thymus piperella (L.) leaves. The oil was shown to be innocuous according to the acute oral toxicity test and exhibited antispasmodic action that significantly inhibited the contractions induced by acetylcholine in the isolated rat ileum in a concentration-dependent manner. Essential oil from Thymus piperella (L.) leaves was active against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans, Streptococcus pyogenes and Mycobacterium phlei. Such antimicrobial activity would explain the popular use of this plant in the conservation of olives. Moreover, as the inhibition of contractile overactivity of the ileum (antispasmodic action) is the basis of the treatment of some gastrointestinal disorders, such as diarrhoea, and as many diarrhoea-causing diseases are associated with intestinal infection, Thymus piperella essential oil could constitute an alternative therapy in such cases. In this way, this species, so commonly used in the Mediterranean kitchen, may be beneficial to the health in more ways than one. Copyright {\textcopyright} 2007 John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd.},
	keywords = {Anti-microbial, Anti-spasmodic, Essential oil, In vitro activity, Smooth muscle, Thymus piperella (L.)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-34249001622\&partnerID=40\&rel=R6.5.0},
	author = {Martí, D and Pérez-Gracia, M T and Blanquer, A and Villagrasa, V and Sanahuja, M A and MorenoRoyo, L}
}
@article {1864,
	title = {Medicinal plants used in Kirklareli Province (Turkey)},
	journal = {Journal of ethnopharmacology},
	volume = {111},
	year = {2007},
	note = {PT: J},
	month = {2007/05//},
	pages = {341 - 364},
	abstract = {In this paper, 126 traditional medicinal plants from Kirklareli Province in Turkey have been reported. One hundred and twenty six plant species belonging to 54 families and among them 100 species were wild and 26 species were cultivated plants. Most used families were Rosaceae, Labiatae, Compositae and the most used plants were Cotinus coggyria, Sambucus ebulus, Achillea millefolium subsp. pannonica, Hypericum perforatum, Matricaria chamomilla var. recutita, Melissa officinalis subsp. officinalis, Juglans regia, Thymus longicaulis subsp. longicaulis var. subisophyllus, Malva sylvestris, Urtica, dioica, Plantago lanceolata, Rosa canina, Ecballium elaterium, Artemisia absinthium, Viscum album subsp. album, Papaver rhoeas, Helleborus orientalis, Cydonia oblonga, Prunus spinosa subsp. dasyphylla, Rubus discolor, Sorbus domestica. A total of 143 medicinal uses were obtained. The traditional medicinal plants have been mostly used for the treatment of wounds (25.3\%), cold and influenza (24.6\%), stomach (20\%), cough (19\%), kidney ailments (18.2\%), diabetes (13.4\%). (c) 2006 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	author = {Kultur, S}
}
@article {1840,
	title = {Volatile components of Thymus vulgaris L. from wild-growing and cultivated plants in Jordan},
	journal = {Flavour and Fragrance Journal},
	volume = {22},
	year = {2007},
	note = {PT: J},
	month = {2007///},
	pages = {322 - 327},
	abstract = {The composition of the essential oil hydrodistilled from the aerial parts of Thymus vulgaris L. grown in Jordan has been determined by GC and GC-MS. Variations in oil composition and yield between cultivated and wild-growing plants collected from different localities, at different altitudes, have been also evaluated. Higher oil yields were observed in plants growing wild (3.7-5.6\% of dried material) than in cultivated plants (1.1-2.0\%), and those collected from the Mshaqar region, in the middle of Jordan and at the highest altitude, were the richest in oil (similar to 5.4\%). Generally, the oil was characterized by marked levels of phenolic monoterpenoids (mainly thymol and carvacrol) in the range 70.8-89.0\%. High levels of the monoterpenoid hydrocarbons p-cymene (3.4-8.2\%) and gamma-terpinene (1.6-7.7\%) were also observed. Other major components were 1,8-cineole (up to 2.1\%), alpha-thujone (up to 1.2\%), camphor (up to 1.1\%) and fl-caryophyllene (0.2-2.8\%). With the exception of plants growing wild in the Ramtha region, in the far north of Jordan, carvacrol was found as the principal phenol of all other oils (50.6-86.1\%) and was dominant (>85\%) in wild plant oils. The oil from Ramtha was characterized by the highest level of thymol (similar to 63.8\%) as the dominant phenol and was most abundant in p-eymene (8.2\%), 1,8-cineole (2.1\%) and gamma-terpinene (7.7\%). In addition to assigning carvacrol or thymol chemotypes to the plant, the high content of active monoterpenoid phenols strongly suggests a potential use of Jordanian thyme oil in cough products and antimicrobial-herbal drug combinations. Copyright (C) 2007 John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd.},
	author = {Hudaib, M and Aburjai, T}
}
@article {1804,
	title = {Effects of selected plant essential oils on the growth and development of mouse preimplantation embryos in vivo},
	journal = {Physiological Research},
	volume = {56},
	year = {2007},
	month = {2007///},
	pages = {97 - 104},
	address = {Affiliation: Institute of Animal Physiology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Košice, Slovakia; Affiliation: Institute of Animal Physiology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Šoltésovej 4-6, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia},
	abstract = {Plant essential oils (EOs) have been reported to have health benefit properties and their preventive and therapeutic use in animals is expected to increase in the future. We evaluated the influence of five essential oils obtained from plant species which are known to have positive antimicrobial, antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects - sage EO from Salvia officinalis L. (Lamiaceae), oregano EO from Origanum vulgare L. (Lamiaceae), thyme EO from Thymus vulgaris L. (Lamiaceae), clove EO from Syzygium aromaticum L. (Myrtaceae) and cinnamon EO from Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume (Lauraceae) on the growth and development of mouse preimplantation embryos in vivo. Essential oils were added to commercial diet at concentrations of 0.25 \% for sage EO, thyme EO, clove EO, cinnamon EO and 0.1 \% for oregano EO, and fed to ICR female mice for 2 weeks ad libitum. Females were then mated with males of the same strain. Embryos obtained on Day 4 of pregnancy at the blastocyst stage were stained by morphological triple staining (Hoechst, PI, Calcein-AM) and evaluated using fluorescent microscopy. The effects of essential oils were estimated by the viability of embryos, number of nuclei and distribution of embryos according to nucleus number. Cinnamon EO significantly decreased the number of nuclei and the distribution of embryos according to nucleus number was significantly altered. Sage EO negatively influenced the distribution of embryos according to nucleus number. Clove and oregano EOs induced a significantly increased rate of cell death. Only thyme EO had no detectable effects on embryo development. In conclusion, none of the essential oils had any positive effect on embryo development, but some of them reduced the number of cells and increased the incidence of cell death. {\textcopyright} 2007 Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic.},
	keywords = {Apoptosis, Essential oils, Mouse embryos, Preimplantation embryo},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-33947504242\&partnerID=40\&rel=R6.5.0},
	author = {Domaracký, M and Rehák, P and Juhás, Š and Koppel, J}
}
@article {1763,
	title = {In vitro antimicrobial activity of some Libyan medicinal plant extracts},
	journal = {Pharmaceutical Biology},
	volume = {45},
	year = {2007},
	note = {PT: J},
	month = {2007///},
	pages = {386 - 391},
	abstract = {In vitro antimicrobial activity of 32 extracts (ethanol, hexane, chloroform, and methanol) from eight different Libyan medicinal plants, namely Artemisia herba-alba Asso (Compositae), Globularia alypum L. (Globulariaceae), Helichrysum stoechas, DC. (Compositae), Peganum harmala L. (Zygophyllaceae), Polygonum equisetiforme Sibth. \& Sm. (Polygonaceae), Pulicaria crispa (Forssk.) Oliv. (Compositae), Rosmarinus officinalis L. (Labiatae), and Thymus capitatus Hoffmanns \& Link. (Labiatae), was determined against seven bacteria and one yeast strain using the broth microdilution method. The results show that all plants tested possessed antimicrobial activity against at least one of the examined strains at a concentration <= 8 mg/ml. The extracts from H. stoechas, P. equisetiforme, P. crispa, R. officinalis, and T. capitatus exhibited strongest activity against Gram-positive bacteria with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) ranging from 0.5 to 8mg/ml. Only a few extracts showed inhibitory activity against Gram-negative strains in this test, whereas those of the H. stoechas and P. harmala were among the strongest ones (MICs range 4-8mg/ml). High anticandidal activity was observed for P. harmala, P. crispa, and T. capitatus, with MICs ranging from 0.25 to 1 mg/ml.},
	author = {Bogdadi, H A A and Kokoska, L and Havlik, J and Kloucek, P and Rada, V and Vorisek, K}
}
@article {1770,
	title = {Chemical composition, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of the essential oils isolated from Tunisian Thymus capitatus Hoff. et Link.},
	journal = {Food Chemistry},
	volume = {105},
	year = {2007},
	month = {2007///},
	pages = {146 - 155},
	address = {Affiliation: Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Université Tunis el Manar, Campus Universitaire, 2092 Tunis, Tunisia; Affiliation: Faculdade de Engenharia de Recursos Naturais, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; Affiliat},
	abstract = {The chemical composition, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of essential oils isolated by hydrodistillation from the aerial parts of Tunisian Thymus capitatus Hoff. et Link. during the different phases of the plant development, and from different locations, were evaluated. The chemical composition was analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The main components of the essential oils were carvacrol (62-83\%), p-cymene (5-17\%), γ-terpinene (2-14\%) and β-caryophyllene (1-4\%). The antioxidant activity of the oils (100-1000 mg l-1) was assessed by measurement of metal chelating activity, the reductive potential, the free radical scavenging (DPPH) and by the TBARS assay. The antioxidant activity was compared with that of synthetic antioxidants: butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). Both the essential oils and BHA and BHT showed no metal chelating activity. Although with the other methodologies, there was a general increase in the antioxidant activity, with increasing oil concentration, maxima being obtained in the range of 500 and 1000 mg l-1 for flowering and post-flowering phase oils. Major differences were obtained according to the methodology of antioxidant capacity evaluation. Antibacterial ability of Th. capitatus essential oils was tested by disc agar diffusion against Bacillus cereus, Salmonella sp., Listeria innocua, four different strains of Staphylococus aureus (C15, ATCC25923, CFSA-2) and a multi-resistant form of S. aureus (MRSA-2). Antibacterial properties were compared to synthetic antibiotics. Higher antibacterial activity was observed with the flowering and the post-flowering phase essential oils. {\textcopyright} 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {Antibacterial activity, Antioxidant activity, Bacillus cereus, DPPH, Essential oils, Lamiaceae, Listeria innocua, Metal chelating measurement, Reductive potential, Salmonella sp., Staphylococus aureus, TBARS, Thymus capitatus},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-34347371800\&partnerID=40\&rel=R6.5.0},
	author = {Bounatirou, S and Smiti, S and Miguel, M G and Faleiro, L and Rejeb, M N and Neffati, M and Costa, M M and Figueiredo, A C and Barroso, J G and Pedro, L G}
}
@article {1754,
	title = {The effect of selected herb extracts on superoxide dismutase activity in Jurkat cells},
	journal = {Advances in Clinical and Experimental Medicine},
	volume = {16},
	year = {2007},
	month = {2007///},
	pages = {361 - 364},
	address = {Affiliation: Department of Medical Biochemistry, Silesian Piasts University of Medicine, Chalubińskiego 10, 50-368 Wroc{\l}aw, Poland; Affiliation: Department of Pharmacognosy, Silesian Piasts University of Medicine, Chalubińskiego 10, 50-368 Wroc{\l}aw, },
	abstract = {Background: Numerous dietary and medicinal herbs containing high levels of polyphenolic compounds exert antioxidative properties which are beneficial in the prophylaxis of many diseases, including cancer and atherosclerosis. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is an enzyme scavenging superoxide radicals. It is hypothesized that some antioxidative effects of polyphenols may occur through interaction with this enzyme. Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the influence of polyphenolic herb extracts on SOD activity in human leukemia cells. Material and Methods: Aqueous extracts comtaining polyphenolic fractions were prepared from Thymus serpyllum (Ts), Thymus vulgaris (Tv), Majorana hortensis (Mh), and Mentha piperita (Mp). The experiments were conducted on human Jurkat cells, which were exposed to the Ts, Tv, Mh, or Mp polyphenolic fractions at concentrations of 10-500 μg/ml for 0.5, 1, or 2 hours. SOD activity was measured spectrophotometrically using a modified RANSOD kit protocol. The results were analyzed using the Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) design in Statistica version 6 software. All effects were regarded as significant at a significance level of p < 0.05. Results: The analysis of the results suggests a stimulatory effect of the extracts which was most evident at shorter incubation times (0.5 and 1 hour) and at concentrations of 50 and 500 μg/ml. However, in the case of Ts and Mh, 2-hour incubation at the highest concentration (500 μg/ml) also resulted in a significant increase in enzymatic activity. In contrast, the lowest concentration of the extracts (10 μg/ml) exhibited no significant effect on SOD. Conclusions: The stimulation of SOD activity in Jurkat cells under the influence of Lamiaceae herb polyphenolic fractions suggests that some antioxidative effects of polyphenols may result from direct interaction with the free radical-scavenging enzyme. {\textcopyright} Copyright by Silesian Piasts University of Medicine in Wroc{\l}aw.},
	keywords = {Jurkat cells, Lamiaceae herbs, Polyphenols, Superoxide dismutase},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-34547133502\&partnerID=40\&rel=R6.5.0},
	author = {Berdowska, I and Marcinkowska, A and Zieliński, B and Fecka, I and Banaś, T}
}
@article {1703,
	title = {Two new hydroxy chalcone derivatives from Thymus cilicicus},
	journal = {Zeitschrift Fur Naturforschung Section B-a Journal of Chemical Sciences},
	volume = {62},
	year = {2007},
	note = {PT: J},
	month = {2007/01//},
	pages = {121 - 124},
	abstract = {The aerial part of Thymus cilicicus Linn. (Labiatae) has afforded two new hydroxy chalcone derivatives, characterized as 4, 2{\textquoteright}, 4{\textquoteright}, 6{\textquoteright}, 7, 8-hexahydroxy-7 (8)-dihydro-chalcone (1), and 3, 4, 2{\textquoteright}, 4{\textquoteright}, 6{\textquoteright}, 7, 8-heptahydroxy-7 (8)-dihydro-chalcone (2). The structures of the isolated compounds have been elucidated based on various spectral studies.},
	author = {Ahmed, B and Al-Howiriny, T A}
}
