@article {1981,
	title = {Essential oils enhanced by ultra-high carbon dioxide levels from Lamiaceae species grown in vitro and in vivo},
	journal = {Plant Cell Reports},
	volume = {20},
	year = {2001},
	month = {2001///},
	pages = {361 - 368},
	address = {Affiliation: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Natl. Ctr. Agric. Utiliz. Res., 1815 N. University St., Peoria, IL 61604, United States},
	abstract = {The growth (fresh weight), morphogenesis (leaves, roots and shoots) and essential oil composition of mint (Mentha sp. L.) and thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) plants were determined after 8 weeks under 350, 1,500, 3,000, 10,000 and 30,000 μmol mol-1 CO2. Plants were grown in vitro on basal medium (BM) consisting of Murashige and Skoog salts and 0.8\% agar that contained either 0 or 3\% sucrose under a 16-h (day)/8-h (night) photoperiod at a light intensity of 180 μmol s-1 m-2 or in soil in a greenhouse under conditions of natural sunlight. Ultra-high CO2 levels (i.e. >=3,000 μmol mol-1 CO2) substantially increased fresh weights, leaves, shoots and roots for all plants compared to plants grown under ambient air (350 μmol mol-1 CO2) both in vivo and in vitro. For both species, 10,000 μmol mol-1 CO2 was the optimum concentration to obtain the largest growth and morphogenesis responses under in vitro conditions, while the 3,000- to 10,000-μmol mol-1 CO2 range provided the largest yields for soil-grown plants. Essential oil composition (i.e. monoterpenes, piperitonone oxide and limonene from mint and aromatic phenol and thymol from thyme) from the shoot portion of plants grown at all CO2 levels was analyzed in CH2Cl2 extracts via gas chromatography. Higher levels of secondary compounds occurred in vitro when cultures were grown under ultra-high CO2 levels than in ambient air. The concentration of thymol, a major secondary compound in thyme plants grown on BM containing sucrose, was 317-fold higher at 10,000 μmol mol-1 CO2 than in plants grown under ambient air conditions with the same BM. The levels of secondary compound in in-vitro-grown plantlets exposed to ultra-high CO2 concentrations exceeded those occurring in plants grown in the greenhouse under the same CO2 levels. Substantially higher levels of secondary compound occurred in plants under ultra-high CO2 levels on BM containing sucrose than on BM lacking sucrose or in soil. Thymol levels in thyme plants grown on BM containing sucrose were 3.9-fold higher at 10,000 μmol mol-1 CO2 than in shoots grown on BM without sucrose under the same CO2 levels. High positive correlations occurred between thymol concentrations and CO2 levels, fresh weights, shoots, roots and leaves when thyme shoots were grown on BM with sucrose. High positive correlations for thyme shoots grown on BM without sucrose only occurred between thymol concentrations and CO2 levels, fresh weights, shoots and leaves. No positive correlations between thymol concentrations and CO2 levels or any growth or morphogenesis responses occurred for thyme shoots when grown in soil.},
	keywords = {CO2 enrichment, limonene, Piperitenone oxide, Rooting, Shooting},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0034931446\&partnerID=40\&rel=R6.5.0},
	author = {Tisserat, B and Vaughn, S F}
}
@article {1948,
	title = {Volatile oil variability in Thymus serpylloides ssp. gadorensis growing wild in Southeastern spain},
	journal = {Biochemical Systematics and Ecology},
	volume = {29},
	year = {2001},
	note = {From Duplicate 1 (                           Volatile oil variability in Thymus serpylloides ssp. gadorensis growing wild in Southeastern spain                         - Saez, F )                
},
	month = {2001/02//},
	pages = {189 - 198},
	address = {Affiliation: Geology Department, Fac. of Math. and Natural Sciences, Bergen University, Allégaten 41, 5007-Bergen, Norway},
	abstract = {Volatile oils from single plants of Thymus serpylloides ssp. gadorensis were collected from Southeastern Spain and studied to check for chemical variability using gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Many of the samples showed a phenolic chemotype, while another important group had significant levels of linalool. Geraniol, myrcene, caryophyllene oxide, terpinen-4-o1 and 1,8-cineole were commonly present. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Cluster Analysis (CA) of this chemical variability separated two groups of plants characterized by either phenols or linalool, and an isolated third type with geraniol. A few samples were found to have both phenolic and non-phenolic compounds in high quantities, thus showing a mixed chemotype. Multidimensional scaling analysis (MDS) of the percentage concentration for each component of the essential oil showed that thymol, linalool, 1,8-cineole, borneol and geraniol have clear divergent vectors. {\textcopyright} 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd.},
	keywords = {caryophyllene oxide, Essential oil, Geraniol, Lamiaceae, Linalool, Myrcene, Thymol, Thymus serpylloides ssp. gadorensis},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0035177231\&partnerID=40\&rel=R6.5.0},
	author = {Saez, F}
}
@article {1911,
	title = {A new histochemical method for localization of the site of monoterpene phenol accumulation in plant secretory structures},
	journal = {Annals of Botany},
	volume = {88},
	year = {2001},
	note = {From Duplicate 2 (                           A new histochemical method for localization of the site of monoterpene phenol accumulation in plant secretory structures                         - Gersbach, P V; Wyllie, S G; Sarafis, V )                
PT: J
        
},
	month = {2001/10//},
	pages = {521 - 525},
	abstract = {A new method is reported for the histochemical localization of monoterpene phenols in essential oil secretory structures. The method was adapted from a spot test originally devised for in vitro detection of phenolic compounds in organic analyses. Plant subjects were the Lamiaceae species Thymus vulgaris L., Oreganum vulgare L. and Mentha x piperha L., which accumulate essential oil in glandular trichomes. A reagent consisting of 4-nitrosophenol in cone. H2SO4 was applied to sample leaves of each species. A positive test for phenol was indicated by the production of coloured indophenols. Using this method, monoterpene phenols were identified in the trichomes of T. vulgaris (thymol) and O. vulgare (carvacrol), indicated by colour changes to red and green respectively. No phenol was detected in trichomes of M. x piperita. Results were confirmed by GC-MS analysis of leaf volatile extracts from each species, and In vitro tests with thymol and carvacrol. The method could be used in field surveys for rapid identification of potential medicinal plants and bioactive compounds. (C) 2001 Annals of Botany, Company.},
	keywords = {aromatic monoterpenes, d u c t, developed for qualitative, Essential oil, glandular trichomes, histochemical methods have been, histochemistry, i n t ro, i o n, Lamiaceae, mentha x piperita, oreganum, secretory structures, Thymus vulgaris, vulgare},
	url = {http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/doi/10.1006/anbo.2001.1480http://muse.lib.auth.gr:9797/org/oxfordjournals/?MuseHost=aob.oxfordjournals.org\&MuseFirst=1\&maxtoshow=\&HITS=10\&hits=10\&RESULTFORMAT=1\&fulltext=(thymus+AND+(labiatae+OR+lamiaceae))\&searchid=1\&FIR},
	author = {P.V. Gersbach and S.G. Wyllie and V. Sarafis}
}
@article {1818,
	title = {Essential oil composition of Thymus lotocephallus G. López \& R. Morales, collected during flowering and vegetative phases},
	journal = {Flavour and Fragrance Journal},
	volume = {16},
	year = {2001},
	note = {From Duplicate 1 (                           Essential oil composition of Thymus lotocephallus G. López \& R. Morales, collected during flowering and vegetative phases                         - Figueiredo, A C; Miguel, M G; Duarte, A M F; Barroso, J G; Pedro, L G )                
},
	month = {2001///},
	pages = {417 - 421},
	address = {Affiliation: Centro de Biotecnologia Vegetal, Dep. de Biologia Vegetal, FCL, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal},
	abstract = {The aerial parts of Thymus lotocephalus were collected during the flowering and vegetative phases of the plant in the Algarve, Portugal. The oils were isolated by hydrodistillation and distillation-extraction and analysed by GC and GC-MS. The oil isolated from the flowers was obtained in a yield of 0.9\%, whereas those isolated from the leaves during flowering and vegetative phases showed lower yields, 0.7\% and 0.2\% (v/w), respectively. The oils isolated from both the flowers and the leaves were dominated by the oxygen-containing monoterpenes (57-64\%). The monoterpene hydrocarbons (11-22\%) and the oxygen-containing sesquiterpenes (7-14\%) were the two other main fractions of these oils. 1,8-Cineole (10-19\%), linalyl acetate (6-14\%) and linalol (4-12\%) were the main components of all the oils studied. Intermedeol (2-4\%), beta -caryophyllene oxide (2-3\%) and viridiflorol (1-3\%) were the main components of the oxygen-containing sesquiterpene fraction. The diterpene abietatriene was present in trace amounts (<0.05\%) in all the oils. Depending on the plant part studied and on the isolation procedure used, these oils can be characterized either by 1,8-cineole/linalol/linalyl acetate or 1,8-cineole type. Copyright (C) 2001 John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd.},
	keywords = {Essential oils, GC, GC-MS, Lamiaceae, Thymus lotocephallus G. López \& R. Morales},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0035182964\&partnerID=40\&rel=R6.5.0},
	author = {Figueiredo, A C and Miguel, M G and Duarte, A M F and Barroso, J G and Pedro, L G}
}
@article {1823,
	title = {Isolation of Thymus herba-barona volatiles by supercritical fluid extraction},
	journal = {Journal of Essential Oil Research},
	volume = {13},
	year = {2001},
	note = {From Duplicate 1 (                           Isolation of Thymus herba-barona volatiles by supercritical fluid extraction                         - De Gioannis, B; Marongiu, B; Porcedda, S; DeGioannis, B )                
},
	month = {2001///},
	pages = {240 - 244},
	address = {Affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria Monserrato, St. Prov. Sestu, km. 0.770 SS 5541, 090421 Cagliari, Italy},
	abstract = {A volatile concentrate of Thymus herba-barona was isolated by supercritical CO2 extraction with a fractional separation technique. GC/MS analysis of the various fractions obtained at different extraction times and fractionation conditions allowed the identification of the best operating conditions to isolate the volatile extract. A good extraction performance was obtained operating at 90 bar and 50 degreesC for 300 min. The optimum fractionation was achieved by operating at 90 bar and -10 degreesC in the first separator and at 15 bar and 15 degreesC in the second one. The influence of extraction pressure and of extraction time on the extract composition were also evaluated. A comparison between a hydrodistilled oil of Thymus herba-barona and the supercritical extract is also given.},
	keywords = {Carvacrol, Composition, Essential oil composition, Labiatae, Supercritical fluid extract, Thymol, Thymus herba-barona},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0034876606\&partnerID=40\&rel=R6.5.0},
	author = {Gioannis, B De and Marongiu, B and Porcedda, S}
}
@article {1708,
	title = {Extraction of thyme oil: Comparison between hydrodistillation and supercritical CO2 extraction},
	journal = {Acta Pharmaceutica},
	volume = {51},
	year = {2001},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 1},
	month = {2001///},
	pages = {305 - 310},
	address = {Affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Skopje, Macedonia},
	abstract = {Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) with carbon dioxide and hydrodistillation (HD) were compared as methods to isolate essential oil from thyme herb (Thymus serpyllum, L.). The SFE extraction was performed in a semibatch apparatus and the rate of extraction was found dependent on the extraction pressure and temperature and on the amount of carbon dioxide passed through the extractor. The most suitable conditions for the extraction were 11 MPa and 50{\textdegree}C. The compounds extracted by both SFE and HD were identified by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The difference in the aroma of the products was quite noticeable and can be attributed to qualitative and quantitative differences in the extracts and hydrodistillates. Predominance of aromatic alcohols carvacrol and thymol and their biosynthetic precursors p-cymene and γ-terpinene was revealed in both SFE extracts and HD oil. The SFE extracts also contained water and cuticular waxes; longer extraction times and higher pressures resulted in a higher percentage of water and waxes in the extract.},
	keywords = {Carvacrol, Essential oil, Hydrodistillation, L. (Lamiaceae), P-cymene, Supercritical fluid extraction, Thymol, Thymus serpyllum, γ-terpinene},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0035703173\&partnerID=40\&rel=R6.5.0},
	author = {Aleksovski, S A and Sovova, H and Poposka, F A}
}
