@inbook {1997,
	title = {Azo dye-mediated regulation of total phenolics and peroxidase activity in thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) and rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) clonal lines},
	booktitle = {Journal of agricultural and food chemistry},
	volume = {48; 48},
	year = {2000},
	month = {2000///},
	pages = {932 - 937},
	abstract = {Thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) and rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) clonal lines, which were previously isolated from a heterogeneous seed population by plant tissue culture techniques, have been targeted as potential plants for phytoremediation of organic pollutants such as azo dyes and related aromatic compounds. Three thyme clonal lines and three rosemary clonal lines were tested for the ability to grow on hormone-free medium containing 0.01\% of azo dye Poly S-119. The results showed that dye tolerance was associated with reduced phenolics and enhanced peroxidase activity in these clonal lines. There was a clear inverse correlation between total phenolics and peroxidase activity in these plants in response to Poly S-119. The tolerance of these clonal lines showed variations at different growing stages. These observations suggested that the peroxidase activity was inducible. Because peroxidases are involved in lignification, wound healing, aromatic compound degradation, pathogen defense, and stiffening, the results suggest that azo dye stimulated the defense response of thyme and rosemary clonal plants by increasing the peroxidase activity. Stereomicroscopic observations revealed that the azo dye was sequestered within the growing axis of the plant roots, which may also enhance the polymerization of azo dye onto the cell wall with the help of enhanced peroxidase activity},
	isbn = {0021-8561},
	url = {http://muse.lib.auth.gr:9797/com/csa/?MuseHost=www-mi2.csa.com\&MuseFirst=1\&id=2\&recnum=8\&SID=b8599c660c0d7abb640bacacd8dd54da\&MusePath=/ids70/view_record.php},
	author = {Zheng, Z and Shetty, K}
}
@article {1990,
	title = {Acetophenone glycosides from thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.)},
	journal = {Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry},
	volume = {47},
	year = {1999},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 7},
	month = {1999///},
	pages = {1911 - 1914},
	address = {Affiliation: Department of Food Science, Rutgers, Stt. Univ. of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901-8520, United States; Affiliation: Laboratory for Cancer Research, College of Pharmacy, Rutgers, Stt. Univ. of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08855-0789, United},
	abstract = {Four acetophenone glycosides were isolated from the butanol-soluble fraction of thyme extracts. Their structures were determined by spectral methods (MS, NMR, and 2D-NMR). Among them, two new compounds, 4- hydroxyacetophenone 4-O-[5-O-(3,5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxybenzoyl)-β-D- apiofuranosyl]-(1-2)-β-D-glucopyranoside (1) and 4-hydroxyacetophenone 4-O- [5-O-(4-hydroxybenzoyl)β-D-apiofuranosyl]-(1-2)-β-D-glucopyranoside (2), were determined. Compound 1 showed weak cytotoxicity, inhibiting DNA synthesis of human leukemia cells.},
	keywords = {Acetophenone glycoside, Thyme, Thymus vulgaris L.},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0032821909\&partnerID=40\&rel=R6.5.0},
	author = {Wang, M and Kikuzaki, H and Lin, C -C and Kahyaoglu, A and Huang, M -T and Nakatani, N and Ho, C -T}
}
@article {1946,
	title = {Composition and functional properties of the essential oil of Amazonian basil, Ocimum micranthum Willd., Labiatae in comparison with commercial essential oils},
	journal = {Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry},
	volume = {52},
	year = {2004},
	note = {PT: J},
	month = {2004/06//},
	pages = {3486 - 3491},
	abstract = {Wild Amazonian basil Ocimum micranthum Willd. (O. campechianum, Mill.) Labiatae essential oil was analyzed by GC and GC-MS: 31 compounds were identified. The main components were eugenol (46.55 +/- 5.11 \%), beta-caryophyllene (11.94 +/- 1.31 \%), and beta-elemene (9.06 +/- 0.99\%), while a small amount of linalool (1.49 +/- 0.16\%) was detected. The oil was tested for its in vitro food-related biological activities and compared with common basil Ocimum basilicum and Thymus vulgaris commercial essential oils. Radical scavenging activity was evaluated employing 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. The oil exerted a good capacity to act as a nonspecific donor of hydrogen atoms or electrons when checked in the diphenylpicrylhydrazyl assay, quenching 76,61 +/- 0.33\% of the radical, with values higher than those reported by reference oils. In the beta-carotene bleaching test, the oil provided an antioxidant efficacy comparable with that of O. basilicum and T. vulgaris essential oils. These data were confirmed by photochemiluminescence, where the oil showed a remarkable antioxidant capacity (2.39 +/- 0.1), comparable to that of Trolox and vitamin E, and higher than the other essential oils. Antibacterial activity of O. micranthum essential oil was evaluated against Gram positive and Gram negative bacterial strains. The oil showed a dose-dependent antifungal activity against pathogenic and food spoiling yeasts.},
	author = {Sacchetti, G and Medici, A and Maietti, S and Radice, N and Muzzoli, M and Manfredini, S and Braccioli, E and Bruni, R}
}
@article {1945,
	title = {Composition and functional properties of the essential oil of Amazonian basil, Ocimum micranthum Willd., Labiatae in comparison with commercial essential oils},
	journal = {Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry},
	volume = {52},
	year = {2004},
	note = {From Duplicate 2 (                           Composition and functional properties of the essential oil of Amazonian basil, Ocimum micranthum Willd., Labiatae in comparison with commercial essential oils                         - Sacchetti, G; Medici, A; Maietti, S; Radice, M; Muzzoli, M V; Manfredini, S; Braccioli, E; Bruni, R )                
Cited By (since 1996): 14
        
},
	month = {2004/06//},
	pages = {3486 - 3491},
	address = {Affiliation: Dipto. delle Risorse Nat. e Cultur., Universita degli Studi di Ferrara, C.so Porta Mare 2, I-44100 Ferrara, Italy; Affiliation: Fundacion Chankuap, Macas, Ecuador; Affiliation: Dipto. di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Ferrara, via Fos},
	abstract = {Wild Amazonian basil Ocimum micranthum Willd. (O. campechianum Mill.) Labiatae essential oil was analyzed by GC and GC-MS: 31 compounds were identified. The main components were eugenol (46.55 {\textpm} 5.11\%), β-caryophyllene (11.94 {\textpm} 1.31\%), β-elemene (9.06 {\textpm} 0.99\%), while a small amount of linalool (1.49 {\textpm} 0.16\%) was detected. The oil was tested for its in vitro food-related biological activities and compared with common basil Ocimum basilicum and Thymus vulgaris commercial essential oils. Radical scavenging activity was evaluated employing 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. The oil exerted a good capacity to act as a nonspecific donor of hydrogen atoms or electrons when checked in the diphenylpicrylhydrazyl assay, quenching 76,61 {\textpm} 0.33\% of the radical, with values higher than those reported by reference oils. In the β-carotene bleaching test, the oil provided an antioxidant efficacy comparable with that of O. basilicum and T. vulgaris essential oils. These data were confirmed by photochemiluminescence, where the oil showed a remarkable antioxidant capacity (2.39 {\textpm} 0.1), comparable to that of Trolox and vitamin E, and higher than the other essential oils. Antibacterial activity of O. micranthum essential oil was evaluated against Gram positive and Gram negative bacterial strains. The oil showed a dose-dependent antifungal activity against pathogenic and food spoiling yeasts.},
	keywords = {Antibacterial activity, Antifungal activity, Antioxidant activity, Essential oil, Eugenol, Ocimum micranthum, β-caryophyllene, β-elemene},
	isbn = {0021-8561},
	url = {http://muse.lib.auth.gr:9797/com/csa/?MuseHost=www-mi2.csa.com\&MuseFirst=1\&id=2\&recnum=4\&SID=54cb5ee3ad7ac982e501634b8323fbe4\&MusePath=/ids70/view_record.phphttp://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-2542456938\&partnerID=40\&rel=R6.5.0},
	author = {Sacchetti, G and Medici, A and Maietti, S and Radice, N and Muzzoli, M V and Manfredini, S and Braccioli, E and Bruni, R and Radice, M}
}
@article {1896,
	title = {Antioxidant activity of chemical components from sage (Salvia officinalis L.) and thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) measured by the oil stability index method},
	journal = {Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry},
	volume = {50},
	year = {2002},
	note = {PT: J},
	month = {2002/03//},
	pages = {1845 - 1851},
	abstract = {A new abietane diterpenoid, 12-O-methyl carnosol (2), was isolated from the leaves of sage (Salvia officinalis L.), together with 11 abietane diterpenoids, 3 apianane terpenoids, 1 anthraquinone, and 8 flavonoids. Antioxidant activity of these compounds along with 4 flavonoids isolated from thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) was evaluated by the oil stability index method using a model substrate oil including methyl linoleate in silicone oil at 90 degreesC. Carnosol, rosmanol, epirosmanol, isorosmanol, galdosol, and carnosic acid exhibited remarkably strong activity, which was comparable to that of alpha-tocopherol. The activity of miltirone, atuntzensin A, luteolin, 7-O-methyl luteolin, and eupafolin was comparable to that of butylated hydroxytoluene. The activity of these compounds was mainly due to the presence of ortho-dihydroxy groups. The 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity of these compounds showed the similar result.},
	author = {Miura, K and Kikuzaki, H and Nakatani, N}
}
@article {1899,
	title = {The main citral-geraniol and carvacrol chemotypes of the essential oil of Thymus pulegioides L. growing wild in Vilnius district (Lithuania)},
	journal = {Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry},
	volume = {47},
	year = {1999},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 11},
	month = {1999///},
	pages = {3787 - 3790},
	address = {Affiliation: Institute of Chemistry, Goshtauto Str. 9, Vilnius, LT-2600, Lithuania},
	abstract = {Thymus pulegioides L. with lemon and carvacrol odor form the major part of plants growing wild in all 10 investigated localities during 1995-1997. The main components of the citral-geraniol chemotype of lemon-scented essential oil are the following (\%): geraniol (14.9-30.8), geranial (transcitral, 9.7-19.7), β-caryophylene (6.0-11.4), nerol (4.1-11.8), and neral (cis-citral, 0.1-9.5). The essential oil of carvacrol chemotypes contain more compounds that are characteristic of the thyme genus (\%): carvacrol (16.0-22.2), β-bisabolene (11.1-20.2), β-caryophyllene (11.1- 19.1), γ-terpinene (5.8-16.2), p-cimene (5.5-10.4), thymol (3.3-9.8), and carvacrol methyl ether (5.6-8.6). The correlation between the odor and composition of the essential oil will help the users of wild thyme to choose the necessary chemotype for their purposes.},
	keywords = {Carvacrol chemotype, Chemotypes of essential oil, Citral-geraniol chemotype, Thymus pulegioides L.},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0032839963\&partnerID=40\&rel=R6.5.0},
	author = {Mockute, D and Bernotiene, G}
}
@inbook {1842,
	title = {Acute, sublethal, antifeedant, and synergistic effects of monoterpenoid essential oil compounds on the tobacco cutworm, Spodoptera litura (Lep., Noctuidae)},
	booktitle = {Journal of agricultural and food chemistry},
	volume = {49; 49},
	year = {2001},
	month = {2001///},
	pages = {715 - 720},
	abstract = {Monoterpenoids (terpenes and biogenically related phenols) commonly found in plant essential oils were tested for acute toxicity via topical application to tobacco cutworms (Spodoptera litura Fab.). The most toxic among 10 such compounds was thymol (LD(50) = 25.4 microg/larva) from garden thyme, Thymus vulgaris. The compounds were then tested for sublethal effects, specifically inhibition of larval growth after topical application of low doses. Among 6 compounds tested, an LD(10) dose reduced growth by 20\% on average 3 days after administration. Feeding deterrence was determined using a cabbage leaf disk choice test. The most deterrent compound was thymol, with a DC(50) of 85.6 microg/cm(2) leaf disk area. Because minor constituents in complex essential oils have been suggested to act as synergists, binary mixtures of the compounds were tested for synergy vis {\`a} vis acute toxicity and feeding deterrence. trans-Anethole acted synergistically with thymol, citronellal, and alpha-terpineol, in terms of both acute toxicity and feeding deterrence. On the basis of these findings, several complex mixtures were developed and tested as leads for effective control agents. Candidate mixtures demonstrated good synergistic effects. The observed LD(50) of mixture 3 was 40.6 microg/larvae compared to an expected value of 74.6 microg/larvae. The result of this research is a proprietary product suitable for commercial production},
	isbn = {0021-8561},
	url = {http://muse.lib.auth.gr:9797/com/csa/?MuseHost=www-mi2.csa.com\&MuseFirst=1\&id=2\&recnum=6\&SID=b8599c660c0d7abb640bacacd8dd54da\&MusePath=/ids70/view_record.php},
	author = {Hummelbrunner, L A and Isman, M B}
}
@article {1788,
	title = {Essential oils of Satureja, Origanum, and Thymus species: chemical composition and antibacterial activities against foodborne pathogens},
	journal = {Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry},
	volume = {52},
	year = {2004},
	month = {2004///},
	pages = {8261 - 8267},
	publisher = {ACS Publications},
	author = {Chorianopoulos, N and Kalpoutzakis, E and Aligiannis, N and Mitaku, S and Nychas, G J and Haroutounian, S A}
}
@inbook {1774,
	title = {Characterization of the Volatile Composition of Essential Oils of Some Lamiaceae Spices and the Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities of the Entire Oils},
	booktitle = {Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry},
	volume = {54; 54},
	year = {2006},
	month = {2006///},
	pages = {1822 - 1828},
	abstract = {The essential oils of Ocimum basilicum L., Origanum vulgare L., and Thymus vulgaris L. were analyzed by means of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and assayed for their antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. The antioxidant activity was evaluated as a free radical scavenging capacity (RSC), together with effects on lipid peroxidation (LP). RSC was assessed measuring the scavenging activity of the essential oils on 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazil (DPPH) and OH radicals. Effects on LP were evaluated following the activities of essential oils in Fe2+/ascorbate and Fe2+/H2O2 systems of induction. Essential oils exhibited very strong RSCs, reducing the DPPH radical formation (IC50) in the range from 0.17 (oregano) to 0.39 g/mL (basil). The essential oil of T. vulgaris exhibited the highest OH radical scavenging activity, although none of the examined essential oils reached 50\% of neutralization (IC50). All of the tested essential oils strongly inhibited LP, induced either by Fe2+/ascorbate or by Fe2+/H2O2. The antimicrobial activity was tested against 13 bacterial strains and six fungi. The most effective antibacterial activity was expressed by the essential oil of oregano, even on multiresistant strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli. A significant rate of antifungal activity of all of the examined essential oils was also exhibited},
	isbn = {0021-8561},
	url = {http://muse.lib.auth.gr:9797/com/csa/?MuseHost=www-mi2.csa.com\&MuseFirst=1\&id=2\&recnum=2\&SID=54cb5ee3ad7ac982e501634b8323fbe4\&MusePath=/ids70/view_record.php},
	author = {Bozin, B and Mimica-Dukic, N and Simin, N and Anackov, G}
}
@article {1730,
	title = {Influence of nitrogen fertilizers on the yield and composition of thyme (Thymus vulgaris)},
	journal = {Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry},
	volume = {51},
	year = {2003},
	note = {From Duplicate 1 (                           Influence of Nitrogen Fertilizers on the Yield and Composition of Thyme (Thymus vulgaris)                         - Baranauskiene, R; Venskutonis, P R; Viskelis, P; Dambrauskiene, E; Viškelis, P )                
},
	month = {2003/12//},
	pages = {7751 - 7758},
	address = {Affiliation: Department of Food Technology, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilenu̧ pl. 19, LT-3028 Kaunas, Lithuania; Affiliation: Lithuanian Institute of Horticulture, LT-4335 Babtai, Lithuania},
	abstract = {The influence of nitrogen fertilizers on the yield of crop, as well as on the production and composition of the essential oil and some other chemical characteristics of thyme, was investigated. Different levels of fertilizers (N = 0, 45, 90, and 135 kg ha(-1)) were applied. It was found that fortilizers increase thyme crop, but differences in the yield of essential oil were not remarkable. However, the use of certain amounts of nitrogen fertilizers resulted in higher yields of essential oil obtainable from the cultivation area unit (dm(3) ha(-1)). Totally, 61 constituents were identified in thyme essential oil by capillary GC and GC-MS. Thymol was the dominating compound in the all analyzed oils (44.4-58.1 \%), followed by p-cymene (9.1-18.5\%), gamma-terpinene (6.9-18.9\%), and carvacrol (2.4-4.2\%). Differences in the percentage of these and other compounds in thyme herb cultivated under different fertilization doses were not significant; very slight changes in the percentage composition were detected after drying. Some variations in the amount of individual constituents expressed in arbitrary units per kilogram of herb (which is almost equivalent to mg kg(-1)) were observed. The highest amounts of sugars and sucrose, in particular, were determined in the second year of thyme cultivation. Differences in the content of dry soluble substances were not meaningful, and there was no effect of nitrogen fertilizers on this chemical characteristic. Some effect of fertilization on the content of vitamin C and carotenes was observed in the first year of thyme cultivation. It was determined that nitrogen fertilizers influence the amount of nitrates, which was highest in the second-year-first-harvest.},
	keywords = {Chemical composition, Essential oil, Labiatae, Nitrogen fertilizers, Thyme, Thymus vulgaris, Yield},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0348110236\&partnerID=40\&rel=R6.5.0},
	author = {Baranauskiene, R and Venskutonis, P R and Viskelis, P}
}
@inbook {1712,
	title = {Essential oils from Mediterranean lamiaceae as weed germination inhibitors},
	booktitle = {Journal of agricultural and food chemistry},
	volume = {51; 51},
	year = {2003},
	note = {From Duplicate 1 (                           Essential oils from Mediterranean lamiaceae as weed germination inhibitors                         - Macchia, Mario; Flamini, Guido; Angelini, LucianaG G; Carpanese, Giovanna; Cioni, PierLuigi L; Morelli, Ivano )                
},
	month = {2003/10//},
	pages = {6158 - 6164},
	abstract = {The essential oils obtained from rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.), thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.), and savory (Satureja montana L.) and the four monoterpenes that are their major constituents have been analyzed by GC and GC-MS and tested for their allelopathic properties on the seeds of three different annual weeds (Chenopodium album, Portulaca oleracea, and Echinochloa crus-galli) and three crops (Raphanus sativus, Capsicum annuum, and Lactuca sativa), with the aim to evaluate in vitro their potential as germination inhibitors. The essential oil composition varied with the species, thymol being the main constituent (44\%) of thyme and carvacrol (57\%) that of savory oil. Differences in essential oil composition were observed within two different rosemary ecotypes, type A, with alpha-pinene (37\%) and 1,8-cineole (23\%), and type B, characterized by a 2-fold content of 1,8-cineole (47\%). This latest essential oil inhibited completely the germination of weeds while concurrently displaying little effect on pepper. The other two oils showed less selective action. S. montana essential oil, with 57\% carvacrol, is the most active compound, completely inhibiting germination both of crops and weeds. Borneol, one of the main constituents of the oil of rosemary type B, showed an activity comparable to that of the whole oil. Crop and weed seeds treated with 1,8-cineole showed germination values that were not significantly different from controls, even if a slowing of the germination process expressed in terms of a significant increase in mean germination time was observed. Monoterpene compounds also present in the essential oils mainly represented the volatile fraction released from the crops and their residues into the soil},
	isbn = {0021-8561},
	url = {http://muse.lib.auth.gr:9797/com/csa/?MuseHost=www-mi2.csa.com\&MuseFirst=1\&id=2\&recnum=3\&SID=b8599c660c0d7abb640bacacd8dd54da\&MusePath=/ids70/view_record.php},
	author = {Angelini, Luciana G. and Carpanese, Giovanna and Cioni, Pier Luigi and Morelli, Ivano and Macchia, Mario and Flamini, Guido}
}
