@article {1994,
	title = {Study on variation of essential oil quality and quantity in dry and fresh herb of Thyme and Tarragon},
	journal = {Journal of Medicinal Plants},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2006},
	month = {2006///},
	pages = {7 - 15},
	address = {Affiliation: Institute of Medicinal Plants, ACECR, Tehran, Iran; Affiliation: Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Shaheed Beheshty University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Affiliation: Institute of Medicinal Plants, No 97, Bozorgmehr St,},
	abstract = {Background: Thymus vulgaris L. belongs to Lamiaceae family that has 14 aromatic and perennial species, Tarragon (Artemisia dracunculus L.) belongs to Asteraceae family, this genus has 34 annual and perennial species. These two species aren{\textquoteright}t self growing in Iran but are cultivated. Widely use of two species (Thyme, Tarragon) essential oils in different industries indicate that, plant water content affects on yield and constituens of essential oil. Objective: To find out the essential oil quality and quantity in dry and fresh aerial parts of Thyme and Tarragon herbs. Method: The aerial parts of Thyme and Tarragon are collected in dry and fresh from. The essential oils extracted with Clevenger set by hydrodistillation method. The yield and constituens of essential oils were determined by GC/mass. Results: No variation between yield and constituents of essential oil of Tarragon was observed in fresh and dried herb at 35{\textdegree}C. The essential oil yield and constituents of dried Thyme at 35{\textdegree}C obviously decreased as compared to fresh herb. Conclusion: The yield and constituents of essential oil of tarragon herb are same in fresh and dried form but yield of constituents and essential oil in aerial part of thyme decreased in dried form.},
	keywords = {Artemisia dracunculus, Dry herb, Essential oil, Thymus vulgaris},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-33746801977\&partnerID=40\&rel=R6.5.0},
	author = {Yazdani, D and Shahnazi, S and Jamshidi, A H and Rezazadeh, Sh and Mojab, F}
}
@article {1948,
	title = {Volatile oil variability in Thymus serpylloides ssp. gadorensis growing wild in Southeastern spain},
	journal = {Biochemical Systematics and Ecology},
	volume = {29},
	year = {2001},
	note = {From Duplicate 1 (                           Volatile oil variability in Thymus serpylloides ssp. gadorensis growing wild in Southeastern spain                         - Saez, F )                
},
	month = {2001/02//},
	pages = {189 - 198},
	address = {Affiliation: Geology Department, Fac. of Math. and Natural Sciences, Bergen University, Allégaten 41, 5007-Bergen, Norway},
	abstract = {Volatile oils from single plants of Thymus serpylloides ssp. gadorensis were collected from Southeastern Spain and studied to check for chemical variability using gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Many of the samples showed a phenolic chemotype, while another important group had significant levels of linalool. Geraniol, myrcene, caryophyllene oxide, terpinen-4-o1 and 1,8-cineole were commonly present. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Cluster Analysis (CA) of this chemical variability separated two groups of plants characterized by either phenols or linalool, and an isolated third type with geraniol. A few samples were found to have both phenolic and non-phenolic compounds in high quantities, thus showing a mixed chemotype. Multidimensional scaling analysis (MDS) of the percentage concentration for each component of the essential oil showed that thymol, linalool, 1,8-cineole, borneol and geraniol have clear divergent vectors. {\textcopyright} 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd.},
	keywords = {caryophyllene oxide, Essential oil, Geraniol, Lamiaceae, Linalool, Myrcene, Thymol, Thymus serpylloides ssp. gadorensis},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0035177231\&partnerID=40\&rel=R6.5.0},
	author = {Saez, F}
}
@article {1949,
	title = {Essential oil variability of Thymus baeticus growing wild in southeastern Spain},
	journal = {Biochemical Systematics and Ecology},
	volume = {27},
	year = {1999},
	note = {From Duplicate 1 (                           Essential oil variability of Thymus baeticus growing wild in southeastern Spain                         - Sáez, F )                
},
	month = {1999/04//},
	pages = {269 - 276},
	address = {Affiliation: Depto. de Biologia Veg.(Botanica), Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, 30.100-Espinardo (Murcia), Spain},
	abstract = {Essential oils of Thymus baeticus collected from southeastern Spain were analysed using gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry techniques, to check for chemical variability The sampled individuals showed important differences in their content of 1,8-cineole, borneol, linalool, geranial, tr-sabinene hydrate and terpinen-4-ol with some strong inter-relationships between these compounds. Thymol and carvacrol were recorded only in small quantities. Principal component analysis and cluster analysis revealed great variability, with the samples being quite isolated and distancing from each other, although a major group of individuals characterized by terpinen-4-ol was detected. Multidimensional scaling analysis of the percentage concentration for each identified component of the essential oil showed terpinen-4-ol, 1,8-cineole and borneol to be the most divergent components. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {1, 8-cineole, Borneol, Chemotaxonomy, Essential oil, Lamiaceae, Terpinen-4-ol, Thymus baeticus},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0033121007\&partnerID=40\&rel=R6.5.0},
	author = {Sáez, F}
}
@article {1953,
	title = {Composition and infraspecific variability of essential oil from Thymus camphoratus},
	journal = {Phytochemistry},
	volume = {45},
	year = {1997},
	note = {From Duplicate 1 (                           Composition and infraspecific variability of essential oil from Thymus camphoratus                         - Salgueiro, L R; Vila, R; Tomi, F; Tomas, X; Cañigueral, S; Casanova, J; DaCunha, A P; Adzet, T; Canigueral, S )                
},
	month = {1997/07//},
	pages = {1177 - 1183},
	address = {Affiliation: Laboratorio de Farmacognosia, Faculdade de Farmacia, Universidade de Coimbra, Rua do Norte, 3000-Coimbra, Portugal; Affiliation: Unitat de Farmacol. i Farmacognosia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, E-08028 },
	abstract = {The composition of the essential oils of seven populations of Thymus camphoratus from Portugal and their infraspecific variability were investigated by GC, GC-mass spectrometry and 13C NMR. The results obtained from GC analyses of the volatile oils from individual plants were submitted to Principal Component and Chemometric Cluster analyses. 1,8-Cineole, linalool, borneol, α-pinene, camphene, trans-sabinene hydrate, and terpinen- 4-ol were the main constituents. 13C NMR spectra of the essential oil, previously fractioned by column chromatography, let to the identification of two new oxygenated sesquiterpenes for the genus Thymus: intermedeol, which is reported for the first time in the Lamiaceae, and homalomenol-D. Multivariate analysis enabled four different groups of essential oils to be distinguished: (i) linalool, (ii) borneol, (iii) 1,8-cineole and (iv) 1.8-cineole/borneol.},
	keywords = {Essential oil, Homalomenol- D, Infraspecific variability, Intermedeol, Lamiaceae, multivariate analysis, Thymus camphoratus},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0031000298\&partnerID=40\&rel=R6.5.0},
	author = {Salgueiroa, Ligia R. and Vilab, Roser and Tomic, Felix and Tomasd, Xavier and Ca{\~n}igueralb, Salvador and Casanovac, Joseph and Cunhaa, Ant{\'o}nio Proen{\c c}a da and Adzet, Thomas}
}
@article {1954,
	title = {Essential oil polymorphism of Thymus praecox subsp. arcticus on the British Isles},
	journal = {Biochemical Systematics and Ecology},
	volume = {32},
	year = {2004},
	note = {From Duplicate 1 (                           Essential oil polymorphism of Thymus praecox subsp. arcticus on the British Isles                         - Schmidt, A; Bischof-Deichnik, C; Stahl-Biskup, E )                
},
	month = {2004/04//},
	pages = {409 - 421},
	address = {Affiliation: Abt. Pharmazeut. Biol. Mikrobiol., Institut für Pharmazie, Universität Hamburg, Bundesstrasse 45, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany},
	abstract = {The essential oils of 732 individual plants of Thymus praecox Opiz subsp. arcticus (E. Durand) Jalas (syn. T. drucei Ronn.) collected in Scotland, Ireland, and in the south of England have been analysed by gas chromatography (GC) and mass spectrometry (GC-MS) in order to elucidate the chemical character of this subspecies on the British Isles. In total, 69 components were identified, most of them monoterpenoids and sesquiterpenoids with hedycaryol, linalyl acetate, linalool, the germacradienols, trans-nerolidol, T-cadinol, and β-caryophyllene being the most important compounds. The analysis of the quantitative essential oil data by means of neural networks revealed that T. praecox subsp. arcticus growing in Britain is highly polymorphous. There were 17 chemotypes with the hedycaryol chemotype as the most frequent (24\% of the plants), followed by the linalool/linalyl acetate chemotype (22\% of the plants) and germacra-1(10),4-dien-6-ol chemotype (18\% of the plants). It seems that each part of the British Isles has its special chemotype pattern with 13 chemotypes in Scotland, 11 in Ireland, and 17 in the south of England. An overview of the North Atlantic region of Europe revealed that the polymorphism of T. praecox subsp. arcticus in the essential oil is more distinctive in the southern than in the northern regions, with only 2, 5, and 1 chemotypes in Greenland, Iceland, and Norway, respectively. {\textcopyright} 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {British Isles, Chemotypes, Essential oil, Hedycaryol, Lamiaceae, linalyl acetate, Neuronal networks, Thymus praecox subsp. arcticus},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-1642372459\&partnerID=40\&rel=R6.5.0},
	author = {Schmidt, A and Bischof-Deichnik, C and Stahl-Biskup, E}
}
@article {1945,
	title = {Composition and functional properties of the essential oil of Amazonian basil, Ocimum micranthum Willd., Labiatae in comparison with commercial essential oils},
	journal = {Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry},
	volume = {52},
	year = {2004},
	note = {From Duplicate 2 (                           Composition and functional properties of the essential oil of Amazonian basil, Ocimum micranthum Willd., Labiatae in comparison with commercial essential oils                         - Sacchetti, G; Medici, A; Maietti, S; Radice, M; Muzzoli, M V; Manfredini, S; Braccioli, E; Bruni, R )                
Cited By (since 1996): 14
        
},
	month = {2004/06//},
	pages = {3486 - 3491},
	address = {Affiliation: Dipto. delle Risorse Nat. e Cultur., Universita degli Studi di Ferrara, C.so Porta Mare 2, I-44100 Ferrara, Italy; Affiliation: Fundacion Chankuap, Macas, Ecuador; Affiliation: Dipto. di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Ferrara, via Fos},
	abstract = {Wild Amazonian basil Ocimum micranthum Willd. (O. campechianum Mill.) Labiatae essential oil was analyzed by GC and GC-MS: 31 compounds were identified. The main components were eugenol (46.55 {\textpm} 5.11\%), β-caryophyllene (11.94 {\textpm} 1.31\%), β-elemene (9.06 {\textpm} 0.99\%), while a small amount of linalool (1.49 {\textpm} 0.16\%) was detected. The oil was tested for its in vitro food-related biological activities and compared with common basil Ocimum basilicum and Thymus vulgaris commercial essential oils. Radical scavenging activity was evaluated employing 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. The oil exerted a good capacity to act as a nonspecific donor of hydrogen atoms or electrons when checked in the diphenylpicrylhydrazyl assay, quenching 76,61 {\textpm} 0.33\% of the radical, with values higher than those reported by reference oils. In the β-carotene bleaching test, the oil provided an antioxidant efficacy comparable with that of O. basilicum and T. vulgaris essential oils. These data were confirmed by photochemiluminescence, where the oil showed a remarkable antioxidant capacity (2.39 {\textpm} 0.1), comparable to that of Trolox and vitamin E, and higher than the other essential oils. Antibacterial activity of O. micranthum essential oil was evaluated against Gram positive and Gram negative bacterial strains. The oil showed a dose-dependent antifungal activity against pathogenic and food spoiling yeasts.},
	keywords = {Antibacterial activity, Antifungal activity, Antioxidant activity, Essential oil, Eugenol, Ocimum micranthum, β-caryophyllene, β-elemene},
	isbn = {0021-8561},
	url = {http://muse.lib.auth.gr:9797/com/csa/?MuseHost=www-mi2.csa.com\&MuseFirst=1\&id=2\&recnum=4\&SID=54cb5ee3ad7ac982e501634b8323fbe4\&MusePath=/ids70/view_record.phphttp://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-2542456938\&partnerID=40\&rel=R6.5.0},
	author = {Sacchetti, G and Medici, A and Maietti, S and Radice, N and Muzzoli, M V and Manfredini, S and Braccioli, E and Bruni, R and Radice, M}
}
@article {1927,
	title = {Essential oil polymorphism of wild growing Hungarian thyme (Thymus pannonicus) populations in the Carpathian Basin},
	journal = {Natural Product Communications},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2010},
	month = {2010///},
	pages = {1681 - 1686},
	address = {Affiliation: Department of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Corvinus University of Budapest, Vill{\'a}nyi {\'u}t 29, 1118 Budapest, Hungary; Correspondence Address: Pluh{\'a}r, Z.; Department of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Corvinus University of Budapest, Vill{\'a}n},
	abstract = {The volatile oil compositions of Thymus pannonicus All. from nineteen different localities of Hungary were analyzed by GC/MS. The essential oil content of the Hungarian thyme samples varied between very low (0.14 mL/100 g DW) and fairly high (1.9 mL/100 g DW) values. Significant essential oil polymorphism was found: altogether twelve chemovarieties may have been determined, representing a way of adaptation to different habitat conditions. The main volatile compound of chemotype 1 was thymol (24.6-67.5\%), while in the case of chemotype 2, thymol (36.5-63.7\%) and p-cymene (11.5-27.3\%) predominated. Thymol (28.4-63.7\%), p-cymene (11.5-31.8\%) and γ-terpinene (9.7-20.9\%) were identified as the chief monoterpenes of chemotype 3, while chemotype 4 contained thymol (36.5\%), p-cymene (27.3\%) and neral (11.2\%). Chemotype 5 accumulated thymol (38.5\%), p-cymene (20.6\%), γ-terpinene (12.0\%) and β-bisabolene (10.3\%) as its main volatiles. The oil of chemotype 6 can be characterized by thymol (41.9\%), p-cymene (20.2\%), isoborneol (10.3\%) and {\~a}-terpinene (9.9\%), while that of chemotype 7 consisted of thymol (27.7\%), linalyl acetate (18.8\%), γ-terpinene (18.6\%) and α-cubebene (13.9\%). In the oil of chemotype 8, p-cymene (45.0\%), geraniol (13.6\%) and linalyl acetate (9.9\%) were found in higher percentages, while chemotype 9 mainly produced linalyl acetate (36.2\%) and geranyl acetate (20.2\%). Chemotype 10 accumulated germacrene-D (43.4) and β-caryophyllene (15.0\%), while the oil of chemotype 11 contained caryophyllene oxide (45.2\%), α-cubebene (15.7\%) and linalool (13.8\%) in high proportions. Germacrene-D (29.7\%), β-caryophyllene (22.0\%) and farnesol (10.4\%) were identified as main essential oil compounds of chemotype 12. The last nine chemotypes were new for the literature, while the first seven contained thymol as their chief compound. The role of certain sesquiterpenes was found to be considerable.},
	keywords = {alpha cubebene, alpha thujene, article, beta elemene, beta pinene, camphene, Camphor, Carvacrol, caryophyllene, caryophyllene oxide, Chemotype, cineole, Diversity, Ecosystem, Essential oil, farnesol, gamma muurolene, Geraniol, Germacrene D, habitat, herbaceous agent, humulene, Hungary, isoborneol, limonene, Linalool, linalyl acetate, ocimene, Oils, para cymene, pinene, sesquiterpene, Sesquiterpenes, T cadinol, terpinene, terpineol, Thyme, thyme oil, Thymol, Thymus, Thymus pannonicus, Thymus Plant, Thymus vulgaris, unclassified drug, Volatile},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-77957924069\&partnerID=40\&md5=6024b3154737d662a6c54cc3d16c1532},
	author = {Pluh{\'a}r, Z and S{\'a}rosi, S and Pint{\'e}r, A and Simk{\'o}, H}
}
@article {1911,
	title = {A new histochemical method for localization of the site of monoterpene phenol accumulation in plant secretory structures},
	journal = {Annals of Botany},
	volume = {88},
	year = {2001},
	note = {From Duplicate 2 (                           A new histochemical method for localization of the site of monoterpene phenol accumulation in plant secretory structures                         - Gersbach, P V; Wyllie, S G; Sarafis, V )                
PT: J
        
},
	month = {2001/10//},
	pages = {521 - 525},
	abstract = {A new method is reported for the histochemical localization of monoterpene phenols in essential oil secretory structures. The method was adapted from a spot test originally devised for in vitro detection of phenolic compounds in organic analyses. Plant subjects were the Lamiaceae species Thymus vulgaris L., Oreganum vulgare L. and Mentha x piperha L., which accumulate essential oil in glandular trichomes. A reagent consisting of 4-nitrosophenol in cone. H2SO4 was applied to sample leaves of each species. A positive test for phenol was indicated by the production of coloured indophenols. Using this method, monoterpene phenols were identified in the trichomes of T. vulgaris (thymol) and O. vulgare (carvacrol), indicated by colour changes to red and green respectively. No phenol was detected in trichomes of M. x piperita. Results were confirmed by GC-MS analysis of leaf volatile extracts from each species, and In vitro tests with thymol and carvacrol. The method could be used in field surveys for rapid identification of potential medicinal plants and bioactive compounds. (C) 2001 Annals of Botany, Company.},
	keywords = {aromatic monoterpenes, d u c t, developed for qualitative, Essential oil, glandular trichomes, histochemical methods have been, histochemistry, i n t ro, i o n, Lamiaceae, mentha x piperita, oreganum, secretory structures, Thymus vulgaris, vulgare},
	url = {http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/doi/10.1006/anbo.2001.1480http://muse.lib.auth.gr:9797/org/oxfordjournals/?MuseHost=aob.oxfordjournals.org\&MuseFirst=1\&maxtoshow=\&HITS=10\&hits=10\&RESULTFORMAT=1\&fulltext=(thymus+AND+(labiatae+OR+lamiaceae))\&searchid=1\&FIR},
	author = {P.V. Gersbach and S.G. Wyllie and V. Sarafis}
}
@article {1890,
	title = {Thymus pulegioides},
	volume = {22},
	year = {1994},
	month = {1994///},
	pages = {819 - 825},
	keywords = {abstract--relationships between soil chemistry, and population chemotype structure, autecology, carbonate content in soil, chemotype pattern, Essential oil, have been studied, index--thymus pulegioides, Lamiaceae, natural selection, of thymus pulegioides, population variation, soil chemistry, suggest that an increased, the analysis of correlations},
	author = {Martonfi, Pavol and Grejtovsky, Anton}
}
@article {1892,
	title = {Seasonal variation in essential oil yield and composition from naturalized Thymus vulgaris L. in New Zealand},
	journal = {Flavour and Fragrance Journal},
	volume = {9},
	year = {1994},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 25},
	month = {1994///},
	pages = {347 - 352},
	address = {Affiliation: Redbank Research Station, New Zealand Inst. Crop Food Res. Ltd, PO Box 42, Clyde, New Zealand},
	abstract = {The seasonal variation in essential oil yield and composition from naturalized Thymus vulgaris L, in Central Otago, New Zealand, is reported. Essential oil yield (l/ha), from replicated, pilot-scale distillations, was influenced by both the held production of herb and the essential oil content of the herb. The oil yield peaked at 22.8 l/ha in December, after flowering had finished. Essential oil composition also varied significantly during the 13-month sampling period. Levels of the phenolic components, thymol and carvacrol, peaked at a total of 37\% after flowering in summer (December and January). p-Cymene was an important component of Central Otago thyme oils and ranged from 40\% to 50\% in winter and early spring (May to October), declining to 21\% in January. To maximize yields and phenol content of the oil, naturalized thyme in Central Otago should be harvested after flowering has finished in December.},
	keywords = {Essential oil, GC-MS, Lamiaceae, P-cymene, Seasonal variation, Thyme, Thymol, Thymus vulgaris L},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0028578069\&partnerID=40\&rel=R6.5.0},
	author = {McGimpsey, J A and Douglas, M H and VanKlink, J W and Beauregard, D A and Perry, N B}
}
@article {1877,
	title = {Influence of environmental and genetic factors on the stability of essential oil composition of Thymus pulegioides},
	journal = {Biochemical Systematics and Ecology},
	volume = {33},
	year = {2005},
	note = {From Duplicate 1 (                           Influence of environmental and genetic factors on the stability of essential oil composition of Thymus pulegioides                         - Loziene, K; Venskutonis, P R; Ložiene, K )                
},
	month = {2005/05//},
	pages = {517 - 525},
	address = {Affiliation: Institute of Botany, Zaliuju ezeru 47, LT-2021 Vilnius, Lithuania; Affiliation: Department of Food Technology, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilenu̧ pl. 19, Kaunas LT-50015, Lithuania},
	abstract = {Thymus pulegioides plants were collected from various natural habitats of Lithuania and transferred into a new uniform environment. The plants were cloned annually at controlled conditions and their essential oil composition was monitored by capillary GC and GC/MS. The geraniol/geranial/neral (G/G/N), thymol (T), linalool (L), carvacrol/γ-terpinene/p-cymene (C/γT/pC) and thymol/carvacrol/γ-terpinene/p-cymene (T/C/γT/pC) chemotypes of T. pulegioides were studied. It was found that according to the stability of essential oil composition on a sudden change of environmental conditions two types of T. pulegioides can be distinguished: (1) plants which preserve their chemical composition of the essential oils; (2) plants, which considerably change their chemical composition of the essential oils. {\textcopyright} 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {chemical polymorphism, environmental, Environmental conditions, Essential oil, Lamiaceae, Thymus pulegioides},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-14944377694\&partnerID=40\&rel=R6.5.0http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0305197804002662},
	author = {Loziene, K and Venskutonis, P.R. R}
}
@article {1885,
	title = {Thymus piperella (L.) essential oil: An alternative in the treatment of diarrhoea},
	journal = {Flavour and Fragrance Journal},
	volume = {22},
	year = {2007},
	month = {2007///},
	pages = {201 - 205},
	address = {Affiliation: Department of Physiology, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Cardenal Herrera University, Av. Seminario s/n, 46113 Moncada, Valencia, Spain; Affiliation: Department of Sanitation Attention, Public and Animal Health, Cardenal Herrera University, Av.},
	abstract = {Thymus piperella (L.) (family Labiatae) is an endemic taxon found in eastern Spain. The aerial part of T. piperella is principally used for culinary purposes, to flavour stuffings, sauces, pickles, stews, soups, etc. Moreover, it has traditionally been used to conserve and soften olives, and in the distillation of an alcoholic beverage named {\textquoteright}herbero{\textquoteright}, which is typical in the south of Valencia and north of Alicante, and whose digestive properties are well documented. Despite it being a popular plant in this region, to date T. piperella (L.) has not been pharmacologically described. Pharmacological assays have been carried out on the essential oil of Thymus piperella (L.) leaves. The oil was shown to be innocuous according to the acute oral toxicity test and exhibited antispasmodic action that significantly inhibited the contractions induced by acetylcholine in the isolated rat ileum in a concentration-dependent manner. Essential oil from Thymus piperella (L.) leaves was active against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans, Streptococcus pyogenes and Mycobacterium phlei. Such antimicrobial activity would explain the popular use of this plant in the conservation of olives. Moreover, as the inhibition of contractile overactivity of the ileum (antispasmodic action) is the basis of the treatment of some gastrointestinal disorders, such as diarrhoea, and as many diarrhoea-causing diseases are associated with intestinal infection, Thymus piperella essential oil could constitute an alternative therapy in such cases. In this way, this species, so commonly used in the Mediterranean kitchen, may be beneficial to the health in more ways than one. Copyright {\textcopyright} 2007 John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd.},
	keywords = {Anti-microbial, Anti-spasmodic, Essential oil, In vitro activity, Smooth muscle, Thymus piperella (L.)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-34249001622\&partnerID=40\&rel=R6.5.0},
	author = {Martí, D and Pérez-Gracia, M T and Blanquer, A and Villagrasa, V and Sanahuja, M A and MorenoRoyo, L}
}
@article {1839,
	title = {Characterization and TLC - Bioautographic detection of essential oils from sone Thymus taxa. Determination of the activity of the oils and their components against plant pathogenic bacteria},
	journal = {Journal of Planar Chromatography - Modern TLC},
	volume = {17},
	year = {2004},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 4},
	month = {2004///},
	pages = {300 - 304},
	address = {Affiliation: Department of Botany, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 6, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary; Affiliation: Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Semmelweis University, Ülloi út 26, H-1085 Budapest, Hun},
	abstract = {The chemical composition of the oils of four thyme (Lamiaceae) chemotypes (Thymus vulgaris L., Thymus serpyllum L., Thymus {\texttimes} citriodorus (Pers.) Schreb., and Thymus {\texttimes} citriodorus " Archer{\textquoteright}s Gold") has been determined by gas chromatography (GC). Thymol was the main component of the oils of Thymus vulgaris and Thymus serpyllum, geraniol was the main component of the oil of Thymus {\texttimes} citriodorus, and carvacrol was the main component of the oil of Thymus {\texttimes} citriodorus "Archer{\textquoteright}s Gold". The bioactivity of the volatile oil of Thymus vulgaris and of the three main components of the oils against Gram negative plant pathogenic bacteria was examined by direct bioautography. They had an inhibitory effect on all of the test microorganisms. Two bacterial strains (Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria and Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola) were most sensitive in the bioautographic system and use of these bacteria would considerably shorten the process of bioautographic detection. The two antibiotics gentamycin and streptomycin were used as controls.},
	keywords = {Direct bioautography, Essential oil, Gas chromatography, GC, Plant pathogenic bacteria, Thin layer chromatography, Thymus taxa, TLC},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-4644329612\&partnerID=40\&rel=R6.5.0},
	author = {Horváth, G and Szabó, L Gy and Lemberkovics, É and Botz, L and Kocsis, B}
}
@article {1794,
	title = {Composition and infraspecific variability of essential oil from Thymus herba barona Lois},
	journal = {Biochemical Systematics and Ecology},
	volume = {26},
	year = {1998},
	note = {From Duplicate 1 (                           Composition and infraspecific variability of essential oil from Thymus herba barona Lois                         - Corticchiato, M; Tomi, F; Bernardini, A F; Casanova, J )                
PT: J
        
},
	month = {1998/12//},
	pages = {915 - 932},
	address = {Affiliation: Université de Corse, Equipe Chimie et Biomasse, CRES-URA CNRS 2053, Route des Sanguinaires, 20000 Ajaccio, France; Affiliation: Université de Corse, CEVAREN, BP 52, 20250 Corte, France},
	abstract = {The composition of the essential oils of individual plants of Thymus herba barona Lois. growing wild in Corsica was investigated by GC, GC/MS an carbon-13 NMR. Eight groups of essential oil were distinguished: (i) thymol, (ii) carvacrol; (iii) linalool, (iv) geraniol, (v) alpha-terpenyl acetate, (vi) terpinen-4-ol, (vii) carvone and cis-dihydrocarvone. Three chemotypes -thymol, carvacrol and linalool - are common in the genus Thymus, two others - geraniol, a-terpenyl acetate - are scarce, while the latest three ones - terpinen-4-ol, carvone and cis-dihydrocarvone are quite original. It is the first time that the cis-dihydrocarvone chemotype is described in the genus Thymus. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {13C NMR, Carvone, Cis-dihydrocarvone, Essential oil, Infraspecific variability, Lamiaceae, Thymus herba barona Lois.},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0032391340\&partnerID=40\&rel=R6.5.0},
	author = {Corticchiato, M and Tomi, F and Bernardini, A and Casanova, J}
}
@article {1796,
	title = {Chemical Analysis and Antifungal Activity of Thymus striatus},
	journal = {Phytotherapy Research},
	volume = {18},
	year = {2004},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 12},
	month = {2004///},
	pages = {40 - 42},
	address = {Affiliation: School of Pharmacy, Dept. Pharmacog./Chem. Nat. Prod., University of Athens, 15771 Athens, Greece; Affiliation: DSP Chromatography, Bulevar AVNOJ-a44a, 11070 Belgrade, Yugoslavia; Affiliation: Department of Plant Physiology, Inst. Biol. Res.},
	abstract = {The essential oil composition from Thymus striatus collected from Mountain Orjen (Montenegro) has been investigated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Thymol, γ-terpinene and p-cymene were found to be the major components. Furthermore, the oil and its major component, thymol, were analysed for potential antifungal activity against plant, animal and human pathogenic fungi from different genera by a macrodilution test. The oil exhibited a strong inhibitory effect against all fungi investigated. Copyright {\textcopyright} 2004 John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd.},
	keywords = {Antifungal activity, Essential oil, P-cymene, Thymol, Thymus striatus, α-terpinene},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0842334482\&partnerID=40\&md5=8dcda467778b72c2ffbbb0b6972d9b75},
	author = {Couladis, M and Tzakou, O and Kujundzic, S and Sokovic, M and Mimica-Dukic, N}
}
@article {1756,
	title = {Multivariate statistical analysis of the essential oil composition of Thymus praecox Opiz ssp polytrichus (Kern. ex Borb,) Ronn. collected in the Tyrolean Alps},
	journal = {Flavour and Fragrance Journal},
	volume = {15},
	year = {2000},
	note = {From Duplicate 1 (                           Multivariate statistical analysis of the essential oil composition of Thymus praecox Opiz ssp. polytrichus (Kern. ex Borb.) Ronn. collected in the Tyrolean Alps                         - Bischof-Deichnik, C; Holtuijzen, J; Stahl-Biskup, E )                
Cited By (since 1996): 3
        
},
	month = {2000///},
	pages = {1 - 6},
	address = {Affiliation: Lehrst. Pharmazeut. Biol. der Univ., Bundesstrasse 43, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany},
	abstract = {The essential oils of 141 individual plants of Thymus praecox Opiz ssp. polytrichus (Kern. ex Borb.) Ronn., emend. Jalas, collected at 16 localities in the Austrian and Italian Alps (Tyrol and South Tyrol), were investigated concerning their composition and the variations therein. In total, 60 components, almost exclusively monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes, were identified by GC and GC-MS. The patterns of the oils were processed by means of multivariate statistical analysis (MSA) including factor analysis (FA), cluster analysis (CA) and discriminant analysis (DA). The most plausible result, revealing 12 clusters, was obtained by a modified CA method based on the average linkage method with the Pearson correlation. Considering all other statistical results obtained, 12 oil types became evident with the following type-characterising compounds: thymol, geraniol/geranyl acetate, trans-sabinene hydrate/terpinen-4-ol, α-terpineol, linalol, linalol/linalyl acetate, borneol, trans-nerolidol, hedycaryol, T-cadinol, germacra-1(10),5-dien-4-ol, and germacra-1(10),4-dien-6-ol. All these oil types have been found before in other Thymus species. The thymol type, found for 46 samples, represented the most dominant oil type. The chemical similarity with Mediterranean and North Atlantic Thymus species indicates a mixing of southern and northern elements in the Alps, which is also reflected in the overlapping morphological characters of T. praecox ssp. polytrichus. Copyright (C) 2000 John Wiley and Sons, Ltd.},
	keywords = {Alps, Essential oil, Lamiaceae, Oil types, Polytrichus (Kern. ex. Borb.) Ronn. emend. Jalas, Statistical analysis, Thymol type, Thymus praecox Opiz ssp.},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0034062952\&partnerID=40\&rel=R6.5.0},
	author = {Bischof-Deichnik, C and Holtuijzen, J and Stahl-Biskup, E}
}
@inbook {1728,
	title = {Study of the essential oils of Thymus haussknechtii Velen and Thymus kotschyanus Boiss. et Hohen var. kotschyanus (Lamiaceae) taxa from the eastern Anatolian region in Turkey},
	booktitle = {Flavour and Fragrance Journal},
	volume = {20},
	year = {2005},
	note = {From Duplicate 1 (                           Study of the essential oils of Thymus haussknechtii Velen and Thymus kotschyanus Boiss. et Hohen var. kotschyanus (Lamiaceae) taxa from the eastern Anatolian region in Turkey                         - Bagci, EyUp; Baser, KHUsnUC H C; Başer, K H C )                
},
	month = {2005///},
	pages = {199 - 202},
	publisher = {John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd., Baffins Lane Chichester W. Sussex PO19 1UD UK},
	organization = {John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd., Baffins Lane Chichester W. Sussex PO19 1UD UK},
	address = {Affiliation: Firat University, Art and Science Faculty, Department of Biology, 23100 Elazig, Turkey; Affiliation: Department of Pharmacognosy, Anadolu University, Pharmacy Faculty, 26470 Eskişehir, Turkey},
	abstract = {The essential oils of water distilled aerial parts of Thymus haussknechtii and Thymus kotschyanus var. kotschyanus (Lamiaceae) were analysed by GC/MS system. Seventy-eight components were identified comprising 88.0 and 91.3\% of the total components in the oils, respectively. 1,8-Cineole (21.5\%) was the dominant compound in Thymus haussknechtii oil and thymol (47.5\%) was the main component in the oil of Thymus kotschyanus var. kotschyanus},
	keywords = {1, 8-cineole, Carvacrol, Essential oil, Lamiaceae, Thymol, Thymus haussknechtii, Thymus kotschyanus},
	isbn = {0882-5734},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-14844283717\&partnerID=40\&rel=R6.5.0http://muse.lib.auth.gr:9797/com/csa/?MuseHost=www-mi2.csa.com\&MuseFirst=1\&id=2\&recnum=3\&SID=3ed116359dfed5dfecf3a7873406b249\&MusePath=/ids70/view_record.php},
	author = {Bagci, EyUp and Başer, K H C}
}
@article {1730,
	title = {Influence of nitrogen fertilizers on the yield and composition of thyme (Thymus vulgaris)},
	journal = {Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry},
	volume = {51},
	year = {2003},
	note = {From Duplicate 1 (                           Influence of Nitrogen Fertilizers on the Yield and Composition of Thyme (Thymus vulgaris)                         - Baranauskiene, R; Venskutonis, P R; Viskelis, P; Dambrauskiene, E; Viškelis, P )                
},
	month = {2003/12//},
	pages = {7751 - 7758},
	address = {Affiliation: Department of Food Technology, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilenu̧ pl. 19, LT-3028 Kaunas, Lithuania; Affiliation: Lithuanian Institute of Horticulture, LT-4335 Babtai, Lithuania},
	abstract = {The influence of nitrogen fertilizers on the yield of crop, as well as on the production and composition of the essential oil and some other chemical characteristics of thyme, was investigated. Different levels of fertilizers (N = 0, 45, 90, and 135 kg ha(-1)) were applied. It was found that fortilizers increase thyme crop, but differences in the yield of essential oil were not remarkable. However, the use of certain amounts of nitrogen fertilizers resulted in higher yields of essential oil obtainable from the cultivation area unit (dm(3) ha(-1)). Totally, 61 constituents were identified in thyme essential oil by capillary GC and GC-MS. Thymol was the dominating compound in the all analyzed oils (44.4-58.1 \%), followed by p-cymene (9.1-18.5\%), gamma-terpinene (6.9-18.9\%), and carvacrol (2.4-4.2\%). Differences in the percentage of these and other compounds in thyme herb cultivated under different fertilization doses were not significant; very slight changes in the percentage composition were detected after drying. Some variations in the amount of individual constituents expressed in arbitrary units per kilogram of herb (which is almost equivalent to mg kg(-1)) were observed. The highest amounts of sugars and sucrose, in particular, were determined in the second year of thyme cultivation. Differences in the content of dry soluble substances were not meaningful, and there was no effect of nitrogen fertilizers on this chemical characteristic. Some effect of fertilization on the content of vitamin C and carotenes was observed in the first year of thyme cultivation. It was determined that nitrogen fertilizers influence the amount of nitrates, which was highest in the second-year-first-harvest.},
	keywords = {Chemical composition, Essential oil, Labiatae, Nitrogen fertilizers, Thyme, Thymus vulgaris, Yield},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0348110236\&partnerID=40\&rel=R6.5.0},
	author = {Baranauskiene, R and Venskutonis, P R and Viskelis, P}
}
@article {1735,
	title = {The essential oils of Thymus migricus and T. fedtschenkoi var. handelii from Turkey},
	journal = {Flavour and Fragrance Journal},
	volume = {17},
	year = {2002},
	note = {From Duplicate 1 (                           The essential oils of Thymus migricus and T. fedtschenkoi var. handelii from Turkey                         - Başer, K H C; Demirci, B; Kirimer, N; Satil, F; Tümen, G )                
Cited By (since 1996): 2
        
},
	month = {2002///},
	pages = {41 - 45},
	address = {Affiliation: Anadolu University, Medicinal and Aromatic Plant, Drug Research Centre TBAM, 26470 Eskişehir, Turkey},
	abstract = {The essential oils of Thymus migricus Klokov et Des.-Shost. and T. fedtschenkoi Ronniger var. handelii (Ronniger) Jalas were obtained by hydrodistillation, and analysed by GC-MS. The main components in the essential oils were found to be carvacrol and thymol and linalool, respectively. Copyright {\textcopyright} 2001 John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd.},
	keywords = {Carvacrol, Essential oil, Lamiaceae, Linalool, Thymol, Thymus fedtschenkoi var. handelii, Thymus migricus},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0036151470\&partnerID=40\&rel=R6.5.0},
	author = {Baser, K H C and Demirci, B and Kirimer, N and Satil, F and Tumen, G}
}
@article {1738,
	title = {Essential oils of Lamiaceae plants of Turkey},
	journal = {Acta Horticulturae},
	volume = {723},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {163 - 171},
	address = {Affiliation: Anadolu University Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacognosy, Eskişehir, Turkey},
	abstract = {<p>The family Lamiaceae (Labiatae) is represented in Turkey by 46 genera and 571 species of which 44.2\% are endemic, with subspecies, varieties and hybrids altogether 763 taxa exists in the flora of Turkey. The essential oils of Lamiaceae taxa growing in Turkey have been published. The paper reviews recent contributions to the study of the essential oils of the genera Acinos, Calamintha, Coridothymus, Cyclotrichium, Dorystoechas, Hymenocrater, Hyssopus, Mentha, Micromeria, Nepeta, Ocimum, Origanum, Pentapleura, Perilla, Rosmarinus, Salvia, Satureja, Sideritis, Thymbra, Thymus, and Ziziphora.</p>
},
	keywords = {Essential oil, Lamiaceae, Turkey},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-33846054320\&partnerID=40\&rel=R6.5.0},
	author = {Başer, K H C and Kirimer, N}
}
@article {1719,
	title = {Volatile oil constituents of two Thymus species from Ethiopia},
	journal = {Flavour and Fragrance Journal},
	volume = {15},
	year = {2000},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 3},
	month = {2000///},
	pages = {123 - 125},
	address = {Affiliation: School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, PO Box 1068, Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway; Affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, PO Box 1033, Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway},
	abstract = {The volatile oils from Thymus schimperi Ronninger and T. serrulatus Hochst. ex Benth. (Lamiaceae) grown in Ethiopia, have been examined by means of GC and GC-MS. The main constituents of the essential oils of T. schimperi from four regions - Bale, Gender, Shewa, and Wello - were identified as p-cymene (9-23\%), γ-terpinene (8-17\%), thymol (6-38\%) and carvacrol (5-63\%). The oil from T. serrulatus was found to contain p-cymene (13\%), γ-terpinene (13\%) and thymol (49\%) as major components. Both species belong to the thymol-carvacrol chemotypes. Copyright (C) 2000 John Wiley and Sons, Ltd.},
	keywords = {Carvacrol, Essential oil, Lamiaceae, P-cymene, Thymol, Thymus schimperi Ronninger, Thymus serrulatus Hochst. ex Benth., γ-terpinene},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0034023191\&partnerID=40\&rel=R6.5.0},
	author = {Asfaw, N and Storesund, H J and Skatteb{\o}l, L and T{\o}nnesen, F and Aasen, A J}
}
@article {1724,
	title = {Composition and the in vitro Antimicrobial Activities of the Essential Oils of some Thymus Species},
	journal = {Zeitschrift fur Naturforschung - Section C Journal of Biosciences},
	volume = {59},
	year = {2004},
	note = {From Duplicate 1 (                           Composition and the in vitro Antimicrobial Activities of the Essential Oils of some Thymus Species                         - Azaz, A D; Irtem, H A; Kurkcuoǧlu, M; Baser, K H C; Kurkcuoglu, M )                
},
	month = {2004///},
	pages = {75 - 80},
	address = {Affiliation: Faculty of Science and Letters, Department of Biology, Balikesir University, 10100 Balikesir, Turkey; Affiliation: Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacognosy, Anadolu University, 26470 Eskisehir, Turkey},
	abstract = {The genus Thymus (Lamiaceae) is represented by 38 species (64 taxa) in Turkey, and 24 of which are endemic to Turkey. Aerial parts of Thymus longicaulis subsp. chaubardii var. chaubardii, T. zygioides var. lycaonicus, T. longicaulis subsp. longicaulis var. subisophyllus and T. pulvinatus collected from three different localities in Balikesir province were subjected to hydrodistillation to yield essential oils which were subsequently analysed by GC and GC/MS. The main constituents of the oils were identified, and antimicrobial bioassay was applied. Thymol (56.6\%, 42.8\%, 36.9\%) was the main component in the oils of T. longicaulis subsp. chaubardii var. chaubardii (chemotype I), T. longicaulis subsp. chaubardii var. chaubardii (chemotype II) and T. zygioides var. lycaonicus respectively. The oil of T. longicaulis subsp. longicaulis var. subisophyllus contained carvacrol (60.0\%) and the oil of T. pulvinatus borneol (27.9\%) as main constituents.},
	keywords = {Antimicrobial Activity, Essential oil, Thymus sp.},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-1342288752\&partnerID=40\&rel=R6.5.0},
	author = {Azaz, A D and Irtem, H A and Kurkcuoǧlu, M and Baser, K H C}
}
@article {1708,
	title = {Extraction of thyme oil: Comparison between hydrodistillation and supercritical CO2 extraction},
	journal = {Acta Pharmaceutica},
	volume = {51},
	year = {2001},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996): 1},
	month = {2001///},
	pages = {305 - 310},
	address = {Affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Skopje, Macedonia},
	abstract = {Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) with carbon dioxide and hydrodistillation (HD) were compared as methods to isolate essential oil from thyme herb (Thymus serpyllum, L.). The SFE extraction was performed in a semibatch apparatus and the rate of extraction was found dependent on the extraction pressure and temperature and on the amount of carbon dioxide passed through the extractor. The most suitable conditions for the extraction were 11 MPa and 50{\textdegree}C. The compounds extracted by both SFE and HD were identified by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The difference in the aroma of the products was quite noticeable and can be attributed to qualitative and quantitative differences in the extracts and hydrodistillates. Predominance of aromatic alcohols carvacrol and thymol and their biosynthetic precursors p-cymene and γ-terpinene was revealed in both SFE extracts and HD oil. The SFE extracts also contained water and cuticular waxes; longer extraction times and higher pressures resulted in a higher percentage of water and waxes in the extract.},
	keywords = {Carvacrol, Essential oil, Hydrodistillation, L. (Lamiaceae), P-cymene, Supercritical fluid extraction, Thymol, Thymus serpyllum, γ-terpinene},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0035703173\&partnerID=40\&rel=R6.5.0},
	author = {Aleksovski, S A and Sovova, H and Poposka, F A}
}
