@inbook {1993,
	title = {Influence of essential oils on toxicity and pharmacokinetics of the plant toxin thymol in the larvae of Trichoplusia ni},
	booktitle = {Canadian Entomologist},
	volume = {138; 138},
	year = {2006},
	note = {From Duplicate 1 (                           Influence of essential oils on toxicity and pharmacokinetics of the plant toxin thymol in the larvae of Trichoplusia ni                         - Wilson, J A; Isman, M B )                
},
	month = {2006///},
	pages = {578 - 589},
	abstract = {The present study was undertaken to determine the influence of some major constituents of plant essential oils on the toxicity and fate of thymol, a phenolic monoterpene from garden thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) (Lamiaceae), following topical administration to the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Tested individually, trans-anethole (LD sub(50) = 71.2 mu g/larva) and methyl salicylate (93.6 mu g/larva) were the most toxic, whereas phenylethyl propionate (555.8 mu g/larva) and mineral oil (2279.3 mu g/larva) were the least toxic. However, when coadministered, mineral oil was the most synergistic (synergy ratio, SR = 25). A proprietary blend of essential oils (A4 Blend) was strongly synergistic (SR = 9), as was trans-anethole (SR = 5), while the majority of the other compounds tested yielded SRs of 2-3. Based on experiments using tritiated thymol as a radiotracer, the fate of this plant toxin within 60 min of topical administration varied widely with the essential oil carrier. Some carriers facilitated rapid disappearance of thymol from the insects{\textquoteright} integument and rapid appearance internally, whereas others prolonged the tenure of thymol on the integument and delayed entry into the insect. The highest internal levels of radioactivity were observed when phenylethyl propionate was the carrier (47\% of the topical dose), the lowest when rosemary oil was the carrier (9\%). The highest proportion of the dose was excreted when eugenol was the carrier (20\% of the topical dose), the lowest when mineral oil was the carrier (4\%). Overall, there are no apparent trends linking the fate of thymol in the different carrier oils to the synergies observed or to the relative polarities of the carriers},
	isbn = {0008-347X},
	url = {http://muse.lib.auth.gr:9797/com/csa/?MuseHost=www-mi2.csa.com\&MuseFirst=1\&id=2\&recnum=1\&SID=54cb5ee3ad7ac982e501634b8323fbe4\&MusePath=/ids70/view_record.php},
	author = {Wilson, J A and Isman, M B}
}
@inbook {1842,
	title = {Acute, sublethal, antifeedant, and synergistic effects of monoterpenoid essential oil compounds on the tobacco cutworm, Spodoptera litura (Lep., Noctuidae)},
	booktitle = {Journal of agricultural and food chemistry},
	volume = {49; 49},
	year = {2001},
	month = {2001///},
	pages = {715 - 720},
	abstract = {Monoterpenoids (terpenes and biogenically related phenols) commonly found in plant essential oils were tested for acute toxicity via topical application to tobacco cutworms (Spodoptera litura Fab.). The most toxic among 10 such compounds was thymol (LD(50) = 25.4 microg/larva) from garden thyme, Thymus vulgaris. The compounds were then tested for sublethal effects, specifically inhibition of larval growth after topical application of low doses. Among 6 compounds tested, an LD(10) dose reduced growth by 20\% on average 3 days after administration. Feeding deterrence was determined using a cabbage leaf disk choice test. The most deterrent compound was thymol, with a DC(50) of 85.6 microg/cm(2) leaf disk area. Because minor constituents in complex essential oils have been suggested to act as synergists, binary mixtures of the compounds were tested for synergy vis {\`a} vis acute toxicity and feeding deterrence. trans-Anethole acted synergistically with thymol, citronellal, and alpha-terpineol, in terms of both acute toxicity and feeding deterrence. On the basis of these findings, several complex mixtures were developed and tested as leads for effective control agents. Candidate mixtures demonstrated good synergistic effects. The observed LD(50) of mixture 3 was 40.6 microg/larvae compared to an expected value of 74.6 microg/larvae. The result of this research is a proprietary product suitable for commercial production},
	isbn = {0021-8561},
	url = {http://muse.lib.auth.gr:9797/com/csa/?MuseHost=www-mi2.csa.com\&MuseFirst=1\&id=2\&recnum=6\&SID=b8599c660c0d7abb640bacacd8dd54da\&MusePath=/ids70/view_record.php},
	author = {Hummelbrunner, L A and Isman, M B}
}
